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To generate bubbles from gas dissolved in the water on the fly, we propose an approximate model for the creation of bubbles, which takes into account the influence of gas concentration in the water, the solid material, and water\u2013solid velocity difference. As the air particle on the bubble surface is treated as a <jats:italic>virtual nucleation site<\/jats:italic>, the bubble absorbs air from surrounding water and grows. The density and pressure forces of air bubbles are computed separately using smoothed particle hydrodynamics; then, the two\u2010way coupling of bubbles with water and solid is solved by a new drag force, so the generated bubbles\u2019 flow on the surface of solid and the deformation in the rising process can be simulated. Additionally, touching bubbles merge together under the cohesion forces weighted by the smoothing kernel and velocity difference. The experimental results show that this method is capable of simulating bubbles in water\u2013solid interaction under different physical conditions. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cav.438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]],"date-time":"2012-02-29T03:57:13Z","timestamp":1330487833000},"page":"477-487","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Particle\u2010based simulation of bubbles in water\u2013solid interaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xuqiang","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems  Beihang University No. 37, Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems  Beihang University No. 37, Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems  Beihang University No. 37, Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1073204.1073283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"MihalefV UnlusuB MetaxasD SussmanM HussainiMY.Physics\u2010based boiling simulation. 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