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One of the effective factors in these applications is efficient communication between underwater sensors. But this process is very challenging in UWSNs due to special conditions and underwater harsh environments. Therefore, designing routing protocols for efficient communication between sensors and sink is an important issue in UWSNs. In this context, this paper proposed a location\u2010free Reliable and QoS\u2010Aware Routing (RQAR) protocol for mobile sink UWSNs. RQAR designed using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and does not require the position information of the sensor nodes, which is cumbersome and difficult to obtain. Proposed protocol considers multiple parameters including link quality, hop count, congestion, and residual energy for qos support, and reliable data delivery RQAR also minimizes the effects of hole occurrence by increasing the transmission range as much as possible and ensures communication stability. The simulation results using NS2 showed the superiority of RQAR in improving end\u2010to\u2010end delay, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput compared to the previous methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T05:54:29Z","timestamp":1674194069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["RQAR: Location\u2010free reliable and QoS\u2010aware routing protocol for mobile sink underwater wireless sensor networks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mostafa Ali Babaei","family":"Shahraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yazd Branch Islamic Azad University  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Emadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Yazd Branch Islamic Azad University  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4083-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Ayatollahitafti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Taft Branch Islamic Azad University  Taft Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-4167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghasem","family":"Mirjalily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Yazd University  Yazd Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2519924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2994199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"RamsonSJ MoniDJ.February. 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