{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T20:56:24Z","timestamp":1775508984517,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are frequently employed in the agriculture field to improve the quality and crop yield. The WSN might reduce the quality of the communication link because of the absorption, dispersion, and attenuation through the leaves of plants. Therefore, estimating the path loss due to signal attenuation before WSN deployment is crucial for the smooth operation of the network. In this research paper, three innovative path loss models are defined based on the MATLAB curve fitting tool: polynomial water cycle (PWC), exponential water cycle (EWC), and Gaussian water cycle (GWC) algorithm. Here, the path loss between the router node and the coordinator node is modeled on the basis of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and time of arrival (TOA) measurements in a sugarcane field. The correlation coefficient between the RSSI measurement and the distance must be increased to create a precise path loss model. This paper integrates the exponential, polynomial, and Gaussian functions with the water cycle algorithm (WCA) to evaluate the optimal coefficients that would lead to precise path loss models. The performance of the proposed models that determines the optimum linear fit between RSSI and distance is validated using the correction coefficient \n. The results show that the proposed path loss model is superior to existing path loss models. The correlation coefficient \n of the proposed EWC model is 0.9993, whereas the existing PE\u2010PSO, LNSM, and PSO\u2010Exponential models yield 0.98, 0.87, and 0.93, respectively. Also, the proposed models attain the best mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.2187, 0.2951, and 0.3457\u2009dBm for EWC, PWC, and GWC algorithms, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T23:55:01Z","timestamp":1690847701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Path loss model based on exponential water cycle algorithm for wireless sensor network"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-7880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay","family":"Rayar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department KLE Dr M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, Affiliated to VTU  Belagavi Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Udaykumar","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department KLE Dr M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering and Technology, Belagavi, Affiliated to VTU  Belagavi Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIERC18062903"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAP.2016.2630035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3016710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GougeonG CorreY AslamMZ.Ray\u2010based deterministic channel modelling for sub\u2010THz band. In 2019 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC Workshops). 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