{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T01:10:11Z","timestamp":1771290611842,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Deep learning\u2010based automatic modulation recognition (AMR) techniques are particularly well\u2010suited to facilitate the development of non\u2010cooperative communication systems, providing a robust foundation for the automatic processing of complex communication signals. However, existing models for AMR often fail to capture fine\u2010grained temporal features and exhibit limited robustness against noisy or adversarial perturbations. To address these challenges, we introduce Tr\u2010AMR, a robust transformer\u2010based framework designed for high\u2010accuracy AMR. The core of Tr\u2010AMR is an enhanced architecture that integrates gated attention units and a feed\u2010forward network (FFN) equipped with gated linear units activated by Gaussian error linear units, replacing the transformer's original self\u2010attention mechanism and FFN components. These strategies not only significantly enhance the model's ability to capture intricate temporal patterns embedded in signals but also improve its capacity to extract global information through patch segmentation, position embeddings, and class embeddings, thereby enabling accurate recognition of in\u2010phase and quadrature signal modulation types. The results of validation experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that Tr\u2010AMR outperforms all baseline models across all metrics, highlighting its superior performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.70447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T10:36:11Z","timestamp":1770806171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tr\u2010AMR: A Lightweight Transformer With Enhanced Temporal Modeling for Automatic Modulation Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Lianzhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiumin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minfeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.3024610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3016125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5589"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2962586"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3393481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2991052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2927379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1991.258379"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1994.473837"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20000492"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1200","volume-title":"In 2008 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference","author":"Headley W. C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Automatic Recognition of Analog Modulated Signals Using Artificial Neural Networks","volume":"2","author":"Popoola J. J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer Technology Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1999.822675"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.823550"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2004.1493271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2000.904013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.1995.483293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2000.904076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"In 2001 MILCOM Proceedings Communications for Network\u2010Centric Operations: Creating the Information Force (Cat. No. 01CH37277)","author":"Hong L.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2002.1180521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.12.080883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFRCON.2013.6757676"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2016.2623716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(11)60468-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.837045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2008.931739"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"2742","article-title":"Automatic Modulation Classification Using Combination of Genetic Programming and KNN","volume":"11","author":"Aslam M. W.","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44188-7_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2018.2797022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CompComm.2017.8322633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3053427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2951594"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC54389.2021.9674558"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","unstructured":"I.Agadakos N.Agadakos J.Polakis andM. R.Amer Deep complex networks for protocol\u2010agnostic radio frequency device fingerprinting in the wild.arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08703.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"9099","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Hua W.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"933","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Dauphin Y. N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2021.3091730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11101554"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","unstructured":"NShazeer. \u201cGlu variants improve transformer \u201darXiv preprint arXiv:2002.05202.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178838"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106082"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.2400080"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3360089"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Communication Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dac.70447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dac.70447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dac.70447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:40:24Z","timestamp":1771288824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dac.70447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dac.70447"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dac.70447","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1074-5351","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1131","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70447"}}