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See Directive (EU) 2019\/771 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods, amending Regulation (EU) 2017\/2394 and Directive 2009\/22\/EC, and repealing Directive 1999\/44\/EC OJ L 136\/28 (2019)","key":"2_CR3"},{"unstructured":"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) [2012] OJ C 326\/47, arts 101, 102; Council Regulation (EC) No 139\/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (the EC Merger Regulation) OJ L 24\/1 (2004)","key":"2_CR4"},{"unstructured":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) OJ L 119\/1 (\u201cGDPR\u201d) (2016)","key":"2_CR5"},{"unstructured":"Cf Directive (EU) 2019\/771 (n 3)","key":"2_CR6"},{"unstructured":"Regarding the term \"Big Data\", see, for instance, Laney, D.: 3-D Data Management: Controlling data volume, velocity, and variety. Application Delivery Strategies, META Group Inc. (2001). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/blogs.gartner.com\/doug-laney\/files\/2012\/01\/ad949-3D-Data-Management-Controlling-Data-Volume-Velocity-and-Variety.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR7.1"},{"unstructured":"Monopolkommission: Competition policy: The challenge of digital markets. Special Report No 68, (2015), paras 67ff, https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.monopolkommission.de\/images\/PDF\/SG\/s68_fulltext_eng.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR7.2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stucke, M., Grunes A.: Big Data and Competition Policy. OUP, Oxford, paras 2.04ff (2016)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR7.3","DOI":"10.1093\/law:ocl\/9780198788133.001.0001"},{"unstructured":"For an in-depth overview of the diverse risks and opportunities of Big Data, see, for instance, Tene, O., Polonetsky, J.: Big Data for All: Privacy and User Control in the Age of Analytics. Nw. J. Tech. Intell. Prop. 11(5) pp. 239, 243ff, 251ff (2013)","key":"2_CR8"},{"unstructured":"Bollier, D.: The Promise and Perils of Big Data. The Aspen Institute, Washington, DC, pp. 20ff (2010)","key":"2_CR9"},{"unstructured":"For some examples in practice, see Bartel, J., et al.: Big Data im Praxiseinsatz \u2013 Szenarien, Beispiele, Effekte. BITKOM e. V., Berlin, pp. 51ff (2012), https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.bitkom.org\/sites\/default\/files\/file\/import\/BITKOM-LF-big-data-2012-online1.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR10"},{"unstructured":"Minssen, T., Schovsbo J.: Big Data in the Health and Life Sciences: What Are the Challenges for European Competition Law and Where Can They Be Found? In: Seuba, X., Geiger, C., Penin, J. (eds.), Intellectual Property and Digital Trade in the Age of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data. Global Perspectives for the Intellectual Property System, CEIPI and ICTSD, Geneva and Strasbourg, pp. 121, 123 (2018); Federal Trade Commission: Big Data \u2013 A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion? p. 5 (2016). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.ftc.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/reports\/big-data-tool-inclusion-or-exclusion-understanding-issues\/160106big-data-rpt.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020; Bartel, J., et al. (n 10) pp. 70, 76","key":"2_CR11"},{"unstructured":"European Commission: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A European strategy on Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems, a milestone towards cooperative, connected and automated mobility. COM(2016) 766 final; OECD: Data-Driven Innovation: Big Data for Growth and Well-Being. OECD Publishing, Paris, pp. 379ff (2015). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/9789264229358-en; Bartel, J., et al. (n 10) p. 69","key":"2_CR12"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD (n 12) p. 383; Zhang,Y., Huang, T., Bompard, E.F.: Big data analytics in smart grids: a review. Energy Inform. 1(8) pp. 2, 9f, 12, 15f. (2018). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42162-018-0007-5","key":"2_CR13","DOI":"10.1186\/s42162-018-0007-5"},{"unstructured":"See, for instance, Federal Trade Commission (n 11) pp. 8ff; Bollier, D. (n 9) pp. 23, 31","key":"2_CR14"},{"unstructured":"Cf European Data Protection Supervisor: Privacy and Competitiveness in the Age of Big Data: The Interplay between Data Protection, Competition Law and Consumer Protection in the Digital Economy. Preliminary Opinion (2014). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/edps.europa.eu\/sites\/edp\/files\/publication\/14-03-26_competitition_law_big_data_en.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR15.1"},{"unstructured":"cf Cr\u00e9mer, J., de Montjoye, Y.-A., Schweitzer, H.: Competition Policy for the Digital Age: Final Report. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, pp. 76ff (2019). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ec.europa.eu\/competition\/publications\/reports\/kd0419345enn.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR15.2"},{"unstructured":"For an overview see, for instance, Bonneau, V., et al.: Digital Transformation Monitor, Big Data: a complex and evolving regulatory framework. IDATE et al. (eds.), European Union, p. 3 (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ec.europa.eu\/growth\/tools-databases\/dem\/monitor\/sites\/default\/files\/DTM_Big%20Data%20v1_0.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020. For privacy breaches in the context of statistical data, see Nissim, K., et al.: Bridging the gap between computer science and legal approaches to privacy. Harvard J. Law Technol. 31(2), pp. 687, 700ff (2018)","key":"2_CR16"},{"unstructured":"Cadwalladr, C., Graham-Harrison, E.: Revealed: 50 million Facebook profiles harvested for Cambridge Analytica in major data breach. The Guardian (17 March 2018). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2018\/mar\/17\/cambridge-analytica-facebook-influence-us-election. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR17"},{"unstructured":"See (n 5). For an introduction to US privacy laws, see, for instance, Nissim, K., et al. (n 16) pp. 706ff","key":"2_CR18"},{"unstructured":"For sensitive data, see specific rules in GDPR, art 9(2)","key":"2_CR19"},{"unstructured":"GDPR, art 35(3); Article 29 Working Party, Guidelines on Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) and determining whether processing is \u201clikely to result in a high risk\u201d for the purposes of Regulation 2016\/679. WP 248 rev.01 (2017) pp. 8ff. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/document.cfm?doc_id=47711. Accessed 24 June 2020; cf Efroni, Z., et al.: Privacy icons: a risk-based approach to visualisation of data processing. EDPL 5(3) pp. 352, 361ff (2019)","key":"2_CR20"},{"unstructured":"See, for instance, Efroni, Z., et al. (n 20) pp. 355f with further references","key":"2_CR21"},{"unstructured":"Efroni, Z., et al. (n 20) pp. 357ff. Cf Hansen, M.: Putting Privacy Pictograms into Practice - a European Perspective. In: Fischer, S., Maehle, E., Reischuk, R. (eds.), Informatik 2009: Im Focus das Leben, Beitr\u00e4ge der 39. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V. (GI), 28.9.-2.10.2009, L\u00fcbeck. Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Informatik e.V., Bonn (2009)","key":"2_CR22"},{"unstructured":"European Data Protection Supervisor, EDPS Opinion on Personal Information Management Systems: Towards More User Empowerment in Managing and Processing Personal Data. Opinion 9\/2016, paras 5ff (2016). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/edps.europa.eu\/sites\/edp\/files\/publication\/16-10-20_pims_opinion_en.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR23.1"},{"unstructured":"Horn, N., Riechert, A., M\u00fcller, C.: Neue Wege bei der Einwilligung im Datenschutz - technische, rechtliche und \u00f6konomische Herausforderungen. Stiftung Datenschutz, pp. 10ff (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/stiftungdatenschutz.org\/fileadmin\/Redaktion\/Bilder\/Abschluss_Studie_30032017\/stiftungdatenschutz_broschuere_20170611_01.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR23.2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betkier, M.: Privacy Online, Law and the Effective Regulation of Online Services. Intersentia, Cambridge, pp. 79ff (2019)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR23.3","DOI":"10.1017\/9781780689371"},{"unstructured":"See, for instance, Radlanski, P.: Das Konzept der Einwilligung in der datenschutzrechtlichen Realit\u00e4t. Mohr Siebeck, T\u00fcbingen, pp. 97, 204ff, 232f (2016)","key":"2_CR24"},{"unstructured":"Monopolkommission (n 7) paras 39f","key":"2_CR25"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, R.H.: Information at the crossroads of competition and data protection law. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Wettbewerbsrecht 12(2), pp. 169, 175 (2014). For the contract law perspective on this topic, see ch 2.3","key":"2_CR26","DOI":"10.15375\/zwer-2014-0204"},{"unstructured":"Metzger, A.: Data as Counter-Performance: What Rights and Duties do Parties Have? JIPITEC 8(1) p. 2, para 12 (2017)","key":"2_CR27"},{"unstructured":"Article 29 Working Party: Guidelines on Consent under Regulation 2016\/679. WP259 rev.01, pp. 5ff, (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/article29\/document.cfm?action=display&doc_id=51030. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR28"},{"unstructured":"Friedman, D.A.: Free Offers: A New Look. New Mexico L Rev 38(1) pp. 49ff (2008)","key":"2_CR29"},{"unstructured":"Cf Krohm, N., M\u00fcller-Peltzer, P.: Auswirkungen des Kopplungsverbots auf die Praxistauglichkeit der Einwilligung: Das Aus f\u00fcr das Modell \"Service gegen Daten\"? ZD 7(12) pp. 551, 553 (2017)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR30.1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4rting, N.: \"Dateneigentum\" - Schutz durch Immaterialg\u00fcterrecht? Was sich aus dem Verst\u00e4ndnis von Software f\u00fcr den zivilrechtlichen Umgang mit Daten gewinnen l\u00e4sst. CR 36(10) pp. 646, 648 (2016)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR30.2","DOI":"10.9785\/cr-2016-1008"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barocos, S., Nissenbaum, H.: Big Data's End Run around Anonymity and Consent. In: Julia Lane et al. (eds.), Privacy, Big Data, and the Public Good: Frameworks for Engagement. CUP, Cambridge pp. 44, 61ff (2004) call this phenomenon \"the tyranny of the minority\"","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR31.1","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107590205.004"},{"unstructured":"Hermstr\u00fcwer, Y.: Contracting Around Privacy: The (Behavioral) Law and Economics of Consent and Big Data. JIPITEC 8(1) pp. 9, 12ff, paras 11ff (2017). In the context of statistical data, see Nissim, K., et al. (n 16) pp. 700ff","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR31.2"},{"unstructured":"Federal Cartel Office: Big Data und Wettbewerb. In: Federal Cartel Office (ed.), Schriftenreihe Wettbewerb und Verbraucherschutz in der digitalen Wirtschaft, Bonn, p. 9, (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.bundeskartellamt.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikation\/DE\/Schriftenreihe_Digitales\/Schriftenreihe_Digitales_1.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&hx0026;v=3. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR32"},{"unstructured":"For instance, Evans, D.S.: The Antitrust Economics of Multi-Sided Platform Markets. Yale Journal on Regulation 20(2) pp. 324ff (2003)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR33.1"},{"unstructured":"Evans, D.S., Noel, M.: Defining Antitrust Markets When Firms Operate Two-Sided Platforms. Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 2005(3) pp. 101ff (2005)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR33.2"},{"unstructured":"Cf text to n 25 in ch 2.1 of this paper","key":"2_CR34"},{"unstructured":"For Germany see, for instance, Federal Cartel Office: Clearance of Merger of Online Real Estate Platforms. Case summary B6-39\/15, p. 3 (2015)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR35.1"},{"unstructured":"Federal Cartel Office: Acquisition of the online comparison platform Verivox by ProSiebenSat.1. approved. Case summary B8-76\/15, p. 3 (2015)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR35.2"},{"unstructured":"Podszun, R., Franz, B.: Was ist ein Markt? - Unentgeltliche Leistungsbeziehungen im Kartellrecht. NZKart 3(3) pp. 121ff (2005)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR35.3"},{"unstructured":"Act against Restraints of Competition in the version published on 26 June 2013 (Federal Law Gazette 2013 I, 1750, 3245), as last amended by art 10 of the law of 12 July 2018 (Federal Law Gazette 2018 I, 1151) (\u201cARC\u201d), \u00a7 18(2a). A translation is provided by the Language Service of the Bundeskartellamt and Renate Tietjen. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/englisch_gwb\/englisch_gwb.html. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR36"},{"unstructured":"Forbes: GLOBAL 2000: The World\u2019s Largest Public Companies. (2020). www.forbes.com\/global2000\/list\/. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR37"},{"unstructured":"Federal Cartel Office (n 32) pp. 7f","key":"2_CR38"},{"unstructured":"OECD: Rethinking Antitrust Tools for Multi-Sided Platforms pp. 189f (2018). www.oecd.org\/competition\/rethinking-antitrust-tools-for-multi-sided-platforms.htm. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR39"},{"unstructured":"These feedback loops can be referred to as \u201csnowball effects\u201d; Federal Cartel Office (n 32) pp. 7f","key":"2_CR40"},{"unstructured":"See, for instance, Barwise, T., Watkins, L.: The Evolution of Digital Dominance: how and why we got to GAFA. In: Moore, M., Tambini, D. (eds.), Digital dominance: The power of Google, Amazon, Facebook, and Apple. OUP, New York (2018), pp. 21, 22ff","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR41.1"},{"unstructured":"Federal Cartel Office: Working Paper - The Market Power of Platforms and Networks, Executive Summary, B6-113\/15. p. 9 (2016). www.bundeskartellamt.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikation\/EN\/Berichte\/Think-Tank-Bericht-Zusammenfassung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&Cv=4. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR41.2"},{"unstructured":"European Commission: AT.39740 Google Search (Shopping); European Commission: Antitrust: Commission fines Google \u20ac2.42 billion for abusing dominance as search engine by giving illegal advantage to own comparison shopping service \u2013 Factsheet. (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/MEMO_17_1785. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR42"},{"unstructured":"European Commission: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A European strategy for data. COM(2020) 66 final, pp. 12ff","key":"2_CR43"},{"unstructured":"ARC, \u00a7 18(3a). A new draft proposal for further amendments to the ACR puts even more emphasis on data access; see Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy: Referentenentwurf des Bundesministeriums f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie, Entwurf eines Zehnten Gesetzes zur \u00c4nderung des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschr\u00e4nkungen f\u00fcr ein fokussiertes, proaktives und digitales Wettbewerbsrecht 4.0, GWB-Digitalisierungsgesetz. (2020). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.bmwi.de\/Redaktion\/DE\/Downloads\/G\/gwb-digitalisierungsgesetz-referentenentwurf.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&hx0026;v=10. Accessed 24 June 2020. For more details, see Mischau, L.: Market Power Assessment in Digital Markets \u2013 a German Perspective. GRUR Int. 69(3), pp. 233, 245ff (2020)","key":"2_CR44"},{"unstructured":"Regarding data and the \"essential facilities doctrine\", see, for instance, Graef, I.: EU competition law, data protection and online platforms: Data as Essential Facility. Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijn, pp. 249ff (2016)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR45.1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drexl, J.: Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data - Between Propertisation and Access. JIPITEC 8(4) pp. 257, 278ff (2017)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR45.2","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2862975"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schweitzer, H. et al.: Modernisierung der Missbrauchsaufsicht f\u00fcr marktm\u00e4chtige Unternehmen: Endbericht. DICE Consult, pp. 131ff (2018). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.bmwi.de\/Redaktion\/DE\/Publikationen\/Wirtschaft\/modernisierung-der-missbrauchsaufsicht-fuer-marktmaechtige-unternehmen.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&hx0026;v=15. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR45.3","DOI":"10.5771\/9783845296449-15"},{"unstructured":"Cf Regulation (EU) 2018\/858 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles, amending Regulations (EC) No 715\/2007 and (EC) No 595\/2009 and repealing Directive 2007\/46\/EC OJ L 151\/1, art 61(1) (2018)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR46.1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerber, W., Gill, D.: Access to Data in Connected Cars and the Recent Reform of the Motor Vehicle Type Approval Regulation. JIPITEC 10(2), pp. 244ff (2019)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR46.2","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3406021"},{"unstructured":"Cf Directive (EU) 2015\/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002\/65\/EC, 2009\/110\/EC and 2013\/36\/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093\/2010, and repealing Directive 2007\/64\/EC OJ L 337\/35, art 66(1) (2015), (4)(b), art 67(1), (3)(b)","key":"2_CR47"},{"unstructured":"Cr\u00e9mer, J., de Montjoye, Y.-A., Schweitzer, H. (n 15) pp. 77ff; Bourreau, M., de Streel, A., Graef, I.: Big Data and Competition Policy: Market Power, Personalised Pricing and Advertising: Project Report. CERRE, pp. 15ff (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.cerre.eu\/sites\/cerre\/files\/170216_CERRE_CompData_FinalReport.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR48"},{"unstructured":"Cr\u00e9mer, J., de Montjoye, Y.-A., Schweitzer, H. (n 15) pp. 77ff; Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy: A new competition framework for the digital economy: Report by the Commission Competition Law 4.0. BMWi, Berlin, pp. 56ff (2019). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.bmwi.de\/Redaktion\/EN\/Publikationen\/Wirtschaft\/a-new-competition-framework-for-the-digital-economy.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR49"},{"unstructured":"Federal Cartel Office: B6\u201322\/16 Facebook, paras 136ff; Federal Cartel Office: Bundeskartellamt prohibits Facebook from combining user data from different sources: Background information on the Bundeskartellamt\u2019s Facebook proceeding, p. 5 (2019). www.bundeskartellamt.de\/SharedDocs\/Publikation\/EN\/Pressemitteilungen\/2019\/07_02_2019_Facebook_FAQs.pdf?__blob\u00bcpublicationFile&v\u00bc6. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR50"},{"unstructured":"D\u00fcsseldorf CA, 26 August 2019, Kart 1\/19 (V) Facebook","key":"2_CR51"},{"unstructured":"Directive 2019\/770\/EU of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services OJ L 136\/1 (2019) (\u201cDCSD\u201d)","key":"2_CR52"},{"unstructured":"European Data Protection Supervisor: Opinion 4\/2017 on the Proposal for a Directive on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content. paras 14ff (2017). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/edps.europa.eu\/sites\/edp\/files\/publication\/17\u201303-14_opinion_digital_content_en.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR53"},{"unstructured":"DCSD, art 3(1), recital 24. Metzger, A. et al.: Data-Related Aspects of the Digital Content Directive. JIPITEC 9(1), pp. 90, 93ff, paras 12ff (2018)","key":"2_CR54"},{"unstructured":"Langhanke, C., Schmidt-Kessel, M.: Consumer Data as Consideration. EuCML 4(6), pp. 218, 219f (2015). Regarding the complex interplay between the DCSD and the GDPR, see Metzger, A.: A Market Model for Personal Data: State of the Play under the New Directive on Digital Content and Digital Services. In Lohsse, S., Schulze, R., Staudenmayer, D. (eds.), Data as Counter-Performance \u2013 Contract Law 2.0? M\u00fcnster Colloquia on EU Law and the Digital Economy V, Nomos, Baden-Baden (2020)","key":"2_CR55"},{"unstructured":"DCSD, art 7(a), (d), art 8(1)(b), (2), art 19, recitals 42, 47","key":"2_CR56"},{"unstructured":"Directive (EU) 2019\/771 (n 3), arts 6(a), (d), 7(1)(d), (3), recitals 28, 30f. In contrast to the DCSD, these rules for IoT products only apply in cases where the consumer has paid a monetary price in exchange for the product","key":"2_CR57"},{"unstructured":"European Commission: Commission Staff Working Document: Guidance on sharing private sector data in the European data economy. SWD(2018) 125 final, pp. 5, 8ff","key":"2_CR58"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Commission (n 58) pp. 3, 6ff","key":"2_CR59","DOI":"10.59403\/1p2e7yt"},{"unstructured":"European Commission (n 43) pp. 13, 15","key":"2_CR60"},{"unstructured":"One example is the European eCall regulation, which allows the processing of certain personal data in cases of car accidents in order to accelerate the rescue work of the police and the fire brigarde; see Regulation (EU) 2015\/758 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 concerning type-approval requirements for the deployment of the eCall in-vehicle system based on the 112 service and amending Directive 2007\/46\/EC OJ L 123\/77 (2015); Klink-Straub, J., Straub, T.: N\u00e4chste Ausfahrt DS-GVO \u2013 Datenschutzrechtliche Herausforderungen beim automatisierten Fahren. NJW 71(44), pp. 3201, 3203 (2018)","key":"2_CR61"},{"unstructured":"Cf, for instance, the German Criminal Code in the version published on 13 November 1998 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 3322), as last amended by Article 2 of the Act of 19 June 2019 (Federal Law Gazette I, p. 844), \u00a7\u00a7 202a-202d. A translation is provided by Prof. Dr Michael Bohlander that is completely revised and regularly updated by Ute Reusch. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/englisch_stgb\/index.html. Accessed 24 June 2020","key":"2_CR62"},{"unstructured":"These topics are very complex. As a starting point, see Directive (EU) 2019\/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96\/9\/EC and 2001\/29\/EC OJ L 130\/92 (2019)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR63.1"},{"unstructured":"see also Directive 96\/9\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases OJ L 77\/20 (1996)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR63.2"},{"unstructured":"see also Directive (EU) 2016\/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure OJ L 157\/1 (2016). Cf, for instance, Wiebe, A.: Protection of industrial data - a new property right for the digital economy? GRUR Int. 65(10), pp. 877, 879ff (2016)","key":"#cr-split#-2_CR63.3"},{"unstructured":"European Commission: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: \u201cBuilding a European Data Economy\u201d. COM(2017) 9 final, p. 13. Cf, for instance, Zech, H.: Information as Property. JIPITEC 6(3), pp. 192, 196f, paras 31ff (2015); Wiebe, A. (n 63) pp. 881ff. However, the focus of the debate has in the meantime shifted towards the question of data access, and the introduction of new data property rights has become rather unlikely; see Mischau, L. (n44) pp. 237f with further references","key":"2_CR64"}],"container-title":["IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology","Human-Centric Computing in a Data-Driven Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/978-3-030-62803-1_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:27:31Z","timestamp":1731284851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-62803-1_2"}},"subtitle":["How Data Protection Law, Competition Law and Contract Law Deal with the Challenges of a Data-Driven World"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"ISBN":["9783030628024","9783030628031"],"references-count":80,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-62803-1_2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1868-4238","1868-422X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1868-4238"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1868-422X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 November 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ChapterHistory","label":"Chapter History"}},{"value":"HCC","order":1,"name":"conference_acronym","label":"Conference Acronym","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"IFIP International Conference on Human Choice and Computers","order":2,"name":"conference_name","label":"Conference Name","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Tokyo","order":3,"name":"conference_city","label":"Conference City","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Japan","order":4,"name":"conference_country","label":"Conference Country","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"2020","order":5,"name":"conference_year","label":"Conference Year","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"9 September 2020","order":7,"name":"conference_start_date","label":"Conference Start Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"11 September 2020","order":8,"name":"conference_end_date","label":"Conference End Date","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"14","order":9,"name":"conference_number","label":"Conference Number","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"hcc2020","order":10,"name":"conference_id","label":"Conference ID","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/hcc14.net\/","order":11,"name":"conference_url","label":"Conference URL","group":{"name":"ConferenceInfo","label":"Conference Information"}},{"value":"Double-blind","order":1,"name":"type","label":"Type","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"EasyChair","order":2,"name":"conference_management_system","label":"Conference Management System","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"55","order":3,"name":"number_of_submissions_sent_for_review","label":"Number of Submissions Sent for Review","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"31","order":4,"name":"number_of_full_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Full Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"0","order":5,"name":"number_of_short_papers_accepted","label":"Number of Short Papers Accepted","group":{"name":"ConfEventPeerReviewInformation","label":"Peer Review Information (provided by the conference organizers)"}},{"value":"56% - 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