{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1781078285861,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,1,1]],"date-time":"1994-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":757382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mach Learn"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf00993468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,14]],"date-time":"2005-01-14T13:18:24Z","timestamp":1105708704000},"page":"115-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":123,"title":["Toward efficient agnostic learning"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Schapire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Sellie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldous, D. & Vazirani, U. (1990). A Markovian extension of Valiant's learning model.31st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (pp. 392?404). IEEE Press.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSCS.1990.89558"},{"key":"CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blum, A. & Chalasani, P. (1992). Learning switching concepts.Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (pp. 231?242). ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/130385.130411"},{"key":"CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1145\/76359.76371","volume":"36","author":"A. Blumer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Blumer, A., Ehrenfeucht, A., Haussler, D., & Warmuth, M. K. (1989). Learnability and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension.Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 36 929?965.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"CR4","unstructured":"Duda, R. O. & Hart, P. E. (1973).Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis. Wiley."},{"key":"CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1214\/aop\/1176995384","volume":"6","author":"R. M. Dudley","year":"1978","unstructured":"Dudley, R. M. (1978). Central limit theorems for empirical measures.The Annals of Probability, 6 899?929.","journal-title":"The Annals of Probability"},{"key":"CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freund, Y. (1990). Boosting a weak learning algorithm by majority.Proceedings of the Third Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (pp. 202?216). Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-146-8.50019-9"},{"key":"CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freund, Y. (1992). An improved boosting algorithm and its implications on learning complexity.Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (pp. 391?398). ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/130385.130429"},{"key":"CR8","volume-title":"Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness","author":"M. Garey","year":"1979","unstructured":"Garey, M. & Johnson, D. (1979).Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman."},{"key":"CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(92)90010-D","volume":"100","author":"D. Haussler","year":"1992","unstructured":"Haussler, D. (1992). Decision theoretic generalizations of the PAC model for neural net and other learning applications.Information and Computation, 100, 78?150.","journal-title":"Information and Computation"},{"key":"CR10","first-page":"27","volume":"14","author":"D. P. Helmbold","year":"1994","unstructured":"Helmbold, D. P. & Long, P. M. (1994). Tracking drifting concepts by minimizing disagreements.Machine Learning, 14, 27?45.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500830","volume":"58","author":"W. Hoeffding","year":"1963","unstructured":"Hoeffding, W. (1963). Probability inequalities for sums of bounded random variables.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 13?30.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"CR12","first-page":"205","volume":"86","author":"A. J. Izenman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Izenman, A. J. (1991). Recent developments in nonparametric density estimation.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 86, 205?224.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1137\/0222052","volume":"22","author":"M. Kearns","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kearns, M. & Li, M. (1993). Learning in the presence of malicious errors.SIAM Journal on Computing, 22, 807?837.","journal-title":"SIAM Journal on Computing"},{"key":"CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearns, M., Li, M., Pitt, L., & Valiant, L. (1987). On the learnability of Boolean formulae.Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (pp. 285?295).","DOI":"10.1145\/28395.28426"},{"key":"CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1145\/174644.174647","volume":"41","author":"M. Kearns","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kearns, M. & Valiant, L. G. (1994). Cryptographic limitations on learning Boolean formulae and finite automata.Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 41, 67?95. ACM Press.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearns, M. J. & Schapire, R. E. (1990). Efficient distribution-free learning of probabilistic concepts.31st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (pp. 382?391). IEEE Press. To appear,Journal of Computer and System Sciences.","DOI":"10.1109\/FSCS.1990.89557"},{"key":"CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1145\/174130.174138","volume":"40","author":"N. Linial","year":"1993","unstructured":"Linial, N., Mansour, Y., & Nisan, N. (1993). Constant depth circuits, Fourier transform, and learnability.Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 40, 607?620.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1145\/48014.63140","volume":"35","author":"L. Pitt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pitt, L. & Valiant, L. G. (1988). Computational limitations on learning from examples.Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery, 35, 965?984.","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery"},{"key":"CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollard, D. (1984).Convergence of Stochastic Processes. Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5254-2"},{"key":"CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1109\/18.119689","volume":"38","author":"J. Rissanen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rissanen, J., Speed, T. P., & Yu, B. (1992). Density estimation by stochastic complexity.IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 38, 315?323.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Theory"},{"key":"CR21","first-page":"197","volume":"5","author":"R. E. Schapire","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schapire, R. E. (1990). The strength of weak learnability.Machine Learning, 5, 197?227.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1145\/1968.1972","volume":"27","author":"L. G. Valiant","year":"1984","unstructured":"Valiant, L. G. (1984). A theory of the learnable.Communications of the ACM, 27, 1134?1142.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"CR23","unstructured":"Valiant, L. G. (1985). Learning disjunctions of conjunctions.Proceedings of the 9th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 560?566)."},{"key":"CR24","unstructured":"Vapnik, V. N. (1982).Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data. Springer-Verlag."},{"key":"CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.425","volume":"1","author":"H. White","year":"1989","unstructured":"White, H. (1989). Learning in artificial neural networks: A statistical perspective.Neural Computation, 1, 425?464.","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"CR26","first-page":"165","volume":"9","author":"K. Yamanishi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yamanishi, K. (1992a). A learning criterion for stochastic rules.Machine Learning, 9, 165?203.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"CR27","first-page":"459","volume":"E75D","author":"K. Yamanishi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yamanishi, K. (1992b). Learning nonparametric densities in terms of finite dimensional parametric hypotheses.IEICE Transactions: D Information and Systems, E75D, 459?469.","journal-title":"IEICE Transactions: D Information and Systems"}],"container-title":["Machine Learning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00993468.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00993468\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF00993468","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T18:58:45Z","timestamp":1556564325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF00993468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994]]}},"alternative-id":["BF00993468"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00993468","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-6125","1573-0565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-6125","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-0565","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994]]}}}