{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T09:45:07Z","timestamp":1774604707331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1981,1,1]],"date-time":"1981-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":347155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/bf02021860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,5]],"date-time":"2005-08-05T18:05:18Z","timestamp":1123265118000},"page":"5-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Funded research, multiple authorship, and subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"A. G.","family":"Heffner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"BF02021860_CR1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Communication Among Scientists and Engineers","author":"D. J. Solla Price de","year":"1970","unstructured":"For example, D. J. de SOLLA PRICE, Citation Measures of Hard Science, Soft Science, Technology and Nonscience, in:Communication Among Scientists and Engineers, C. E. NELSON, D. K. POLLACK (Eds), Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1970, p. 3\u201322; H. A. ZCKERMAN, Nobel Laureates in Science: Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration and Authorships,American Sociological Review, 32 (1967) 391\u2013403; and many others."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR2","unstructured":"D. de B. BEAVER, R. ROSEN, Collaboration in Science: Response to Professionalism. Unpublished, undated draft kindly provided by Prof. BEAVER in 1975, Williams College."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR3","unstructured":"W. HIRSCH, J. F. SINGLETON, Research Support, Multiple Authorship, and Publications in Sociological Journals, 1936\u20131964. Unpublished paper, Purdue University, 1964. (The present paper has been considerably influenced by the HIRSCH and SINGLETON paper.)"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847301200604","volume":"12","author":"N. Patel","year":"1973","unstructured":"N. PATEL, Collaboration in the Professional Growth of American Sociology,Social Science Information, 12 (1973) 77\u201392.","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR5","unstructured":"I wish to thank the referee for reminding me of this important distinction."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR6","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Communication Among Scientists and Engineers","author":"D. Solla Price de","year":"1970","unstructured":"D. de SOLLA PRICE,op. cit. note 1, 7."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847301200604","volume":"12","author":"N. Patel","year":"1973","unstructured":"N. PATEL,op. cit. note 4 87.","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847301200604","volume":"12","author":"N. Patel","year":"1973","unstructured":"N. PATEL,op. cit.. note 4 utilizes the following categories of subauthorship collaboration: \u2018reading, editing and commenting\u2019, \u2018providing research facilities\u2019, \u2018data gathering\u2019, \u2018data processing\u2019, and \u2018statistical analysis\u2019, and includes institutions. This paper utilizes only the two categories of technical and theoretical subauthorship collaboration discussed in the text, and excludes institutions, journal referees, and anonymous reviewers acknowledged by the authors. For the difficulties in classifying subauthorship collaboration, see K. H. MACKINTOSH, Acknowledgment Patterns in Sociology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, 1972, p. 27\u201337.","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR9","first-page":"190","volume":"1","author":"J. A. Roth","year":"1966","unstructured":"J. A. ROTH, Hired Hand Research,American Sociologist, 1 (1966) 190\u201396.","journal-title":"American Sociologist"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR10","volume-title":"Theory and Theory Groups in Contemporary American Sociology","author":"N. C. Mullins","year":"1973","unstructured":"N. C. MULLINS,Theory and Theory Groups in Contemporary American Sociology, Harper and Row, New York, 1973."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/030631277500500307","volume":"5","author":"D. Chubin","year":"1975","unstructured":"For example, D. CHUBIN, Trusted Assessorship in Science: A Relation in Need of Data,Social Studies of Science 5 (1975) 362\u201368; D. CHUBIN, The Journal as a Primary Data Source in the Sociology of Science: With Some Observations from Sociology,Social Science Information, 14 (1975) 157\u201368; P. K. WOOLF, The Second Messenger: Informal Communication in Cyclic AMP Research,Minerva, 13 (1975) 349\u201373.","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847301200604","volume":"12","author":"N. Patel","year":"1973","unstructured":"See note 4 op. cit.. note 8 N. PATEL,Collaboration in the Professional Growth of American Sociology,Social Science Information, 12 (1973) 77\u201392. note 4 utilizes the following categories of subauthorship collaboration: \u2018reading, editing and commenting\u2019, \u2018providing research facilities\u2019, \u2018data gathering\u2019, \u2018data processing\u2019, and \u2018statistical analysis\u2019, and includes institutions. This paper utilizes only the two categories of technical and theoretical subauthorship collaboration discussed in the text, and excludes institutions, journal referees, and anonymous reviewers acknowledged by the authors. For the difficulties in classifying subauthorship collaboration, see K. H. MACKINTOSH, Acknowledgment Patterns in Sociology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, 1972, p. 27\u201337. note 9 J. A. ROTH, Hired Hand Research,American Sociologist, 1 (1966) 190\u201396. note 11 For example, D. CHUBIN, Trusted Assessorship in Science: A Relation in Need of Data,Social Studies of Science 5 (1975) 362\u201368; D. CHUBIN, The Journal as a Primary Data Source in the Sociology of Science: With Some Observations from Sociology,Social Science Information, 14 (1975) 157\u201368; P. K. WOOLF, The Second Messenger: Informal Communication in Cyclic AMP Research,Minerva, 13 (1975) 349\u201373, and W. O. HAGSTROM,The Scientific Community, Basic Books, New York, 1965, p. 105\u201358.","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024051","volume":"21","author":"D. J. Solla Price De","year":"1966","unstructured":"D. J. DE SOLLA PRICE, D. BEAVER, Collaboration in an Invisible College,American Psychologist, 21 (1966) 1011\u201358.","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847301200604","volume":"12","author":"N. Patel","year":"1973","unstructured":"N. PATEL,op. cit. note 4..","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR15","unstructured":"A. G. HEFFNER, Patterns of Collaboration in Scholarly Publications: Recognition, Deference, and Exploitation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1976. See pages 34\u201348 for an extended discussion of the methodology involved."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR16","unstructured":"The journals were:American Journal of Political Science, American Political Science Review, Comparative Politics, The Journal of Politics, Political Science Quarterly, Western Political Review, World Politics, American Journal of Psychology, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, Psychological Review, American Journal of Physiology, Anatomical Record, Biological Bulletin, Genetics, Journal of Bacteriology, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Chemical Education, Journal of Organic Chemistry, andJournal of Physical Chemistry."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR17","unstructured":"For example, one author acknowledged, as a \u2018sounding board for his ideas\u2019, 15 students in a class he had taught! Review essays, research notes, and presidential addresses were also excluded."},{"key":"BF02021860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/053901847301200604","volume":"12","author":"N. Patel","year":"1973","unstructured":"See note 8. note 4 utilizes the following categories of subauthorship collaboration: \u2018reading, editing and commenting\u2019, \u2018providing research facilities\u2019, \u2018data gathering\u2019, \u2018data processing\u2019, and \u2018statistical analysis\u2019, and includes institutions. This paper utilizes only the two categories of technical and theoretical subauthorship collaboration discussed in the text, and excludes institutions, journal referees, and anonymous reviewers acknowledged by the authors. For the difficulties in classifying subauthorship collaboration, see K. H. MACKINTOSH, Acknowledgment Patterns in Sociology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon, 1972, p. 27\u201337.","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR19","unstructured":"The exact question was: \u2018Was the research for this article financially supported? \u2014 Yes \u2014 No IF YES: Please indicate source(s) of funding: \u2014 University \u2014 Government \u2014 Foundation \u2014 Private \u2014 Other (please specify)\u2019 \u2014"},{"key":"BF02021860_CR20","first-page":"439","volume-title":"The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations","author":"R. K. Merton","year":"1973","unstructured":"For further discussion and research regarding the relationship between a scientist's visibility in the social stratification system of science and the reward system of science, see R. K. MERTON, The Matthew Effect in Science, inThe Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, N. W. STORER (Ed.) University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973, p. 439\u201359; J. R. COLE, S. COLE,Social Stratification in Science, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973; P. D. ALLISON, J. A. STEWART, Productivity Differences among Scientists,American Sociological Review, 39 (1974) 596\u2013606; and R. J. LIEBERT, Productivity, Favor, and Grants among Scholars,American Journal of Sociology, 82 (1976) 664\u201373."}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02021860.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF02021860\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/BF02021860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T22:58:01Z","timestamp":1626303481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/BF02021860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1981,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BF02021860"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02021860","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1981,1]]}}}