{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T11:25:30Z","timestamp":1784978730629,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Spain Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2023-146640NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-146640NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014371","name":"Basque Center for Applied Mathematics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021-001142-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001142-S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"State Agency of Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC-2017-22649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2017-22649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003086","name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KK-2024\/00024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KK-2024\/00024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003086","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund Plus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_021\/0008436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/23_021\/0008436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RYC-2017-22649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2017-22649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2021-001142-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2021-001142-S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer-Aided Design"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T21:32:51Z","timestamp":1757539971000},"page":"103951","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evolution-based tool path and motion planning optimization for 5-axis CNC machining of free-form surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"190","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5156-0919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Zaragoza Chichell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Echevarrieta Ibarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aritz","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Barto\u0148","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b1","first-page":"1","article-title":"S3-slicer: A general slicing framework for multi-axis 3D printing","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmod.2022.101137","article-title":"4 and 5-axis additive manufacturing of parts represented using free-form 3D curves","volume":"120","author":"Gunpinar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graph Model"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2022.103334","article-title":"Efficient 5-axis CNC trochoidal flank milling of 3D cavities using custom-shaped cutting tools","volume":"151","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3450626.3459837","article-title":"Geometry and tool motion planning for curvature adapted CNC machining","volume":"40","author":"Barto\u0148","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans Graph"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2021.103083","article-title":"Quasi-developable and signed multi-strip approximation of a freeform surface mesh for efficient flank milling","volume":"140","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comp-Aided Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2022.102082","article-title":"Curve-guided 5-axis CNC flank milling of free-form surfaces using custom-shaped tools","author":"Rajain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Aided Geom Design"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2024.103725","article-title":"Collision-free tool motion planning for 5-axis cnc machining with toroidal cutters","volume":"173","author":"Zaragoza Chichell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(94)90093-0","article-title":"Accessibility in 5-axis milling environment","volume":"26","author":"Elber","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(94)90040-X","article-title":"5-axis machining of sculptured surfaces with a flat-end cutter","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(01)00176-2","article-title":"Locally optimal cutting positions for five-axis sculptured surface machining","volume":"35","author":"Yoon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2004.09.018","article-title":"Precise global collision detection in multi-axis NC-machining","volume":"37","author":"Ilushin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2010.06.005","article-title":"Global optimization of tool path for five-axis flank milling with a conical cutter","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-021-07849-y","article-title":"A new approach to find gouge free tool positions for a toroidal cutter for b\u00e9zier surfaces in five-axis machining","volume":"117","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2018.04.011","article-title":"Automatic generation of globally assured collision free orientations for 5-axis ball-end tool-paths","volume":"102","author":"Ezair","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b15","first-page":"5081","article-title":"Research on tool axis vector optimization when face milling complex surfaces","volume":"128","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2009.04.010","article-title":"Efficient collision detection using a dual obb-sphere bounding volume hierarchy","volume":"42","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1884133","article-title":"Fast continuous collision detection for articulated models","volume":"5","author":"Redon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comput Inf Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b18","series-title":"Precise hausdorff distance computation for freeform surfaces based on computations with osculating toroidal patches","author":"Elber","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.08.010","article-title":"Precise gouging-free tool orientations for 5-axis CNC machining","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cagd.2020.101944","article-title":"Characterizing envelopes of moving rotational cones and applications in CNC machining","volume":"83","author":"Skopenkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Aided Geom Design"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-14114-5","article-title":"Global tool path planning method for smooth and length-optimal machining based on vector fields","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4063861","article-title":"Vector field-based volume peeling for multi-axis machining","volume":"24","author":"Dutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Comput Inf Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b23","series-title":"Computer graphics forum","article-title":"Continuous toolpath optimization for simultaneous four-axis subtractive manufacturing","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.02.001","article-title":"Algorithms for collision detection and avoidance for five-axis NC machining: a state of the art review","volume":"51","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b25","series-title":"Proceedings of the ASME international design engineering technical conferences & computers and information in engineering conference","article-title":"Normalization and dimension reduction for machine learning in advanced manufacturing","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Huang","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-022-03295-w","article-title":"Improving the diversity of topology-optimized designs by swarm intelligence","volume":"65","author":"Kwok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct Multidiscip Optim"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046746","article-title":"Geometric deep learning for shape correspondence in mass customization by three-dimensional printing","volume":"142","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Manuf Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106464","article-title":"Optimal toolpath planning strategy prediction using machine learning technique","volume":"123","author":"Kukreja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng Appl Artif Intell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b29","first-page":"1","article-title":"A generalizable tool path planning strategy for free-form sheet metal stamping through deep reinforcement and supervised learning","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intell Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2023.102688","article-title":"A novel method based on deep reinforcement learning for machining process route planning","volume":"86","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Robot Comput-Integr Manuf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66793","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3262169","article-title":"Tool path optimization for complex cavity milling based on reinforcement learning approach","volume":"11","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-019-04789-6","article-title":"Initial tool path selection of the iso-scallop method based on offset similarity analysis for global preferred feed directions matching","volume":"106","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Adv Manuf Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2014.04.006","article-title":"Iso-level tool path planning for free-form surfaces","volume":"53","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b34","series-title":"Towards a more efficient use of computational budget in large-scale black-box optimization","author":"Kazimipour","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.10.042","article-title":"Metaheuristics in large-scale global continues optimization: A survey","volume":"295","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inform Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-021-10042-y","article-title":"A survey on evolutionary computation for complex continuous optimization","volume":"55","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif Intell Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b37","series-title":"Towards a new evolutionary computation: advances in the estimation of distribution algorithms","first-page":"75","article-title":"The cma evolution strategy: a comparing review","author":"Hansen","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2007.15.1.1","article-title":"Covariance matrix adaptation for multi-objective optimization","volume":"15","author":"Igel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evol Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(99)00013-5","article-title":"An overview of offset curves and surfaces","volume":"31","author":"Maekawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput-Aided Des"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsc.2008.04.016","article-title":"Subdivision methods for solving polynomial equations","volume":"44","author":"Mourrain","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Symbolic Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s11786-011-0070-9","article-title":"An evolution-based approach for approximate parameterization of implicitly defined curves by polynomial parametric spline curves","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Math Comput Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b42","series-title":"Handbook of computer aided geometric design","author":"Farin","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-009-0460-7","article-title":"The weighted sum method for multi-objective optimization: new insights","volume":"41","author":"Marler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Struct Multidiscip Optim"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b44","series-title":"Multicriteria optimization","author":"Ehrgott","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b45","series-title":"CMA-ES\/pycma on github","author":"Hansen","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b46","series-title":"2011 IEEE congress of evolutionary computation","first-page":"2155","article-title":"On the selection of surrogate models in evolutionary optimization algorithms","author":"D\u00edaz-Manr\u00edquez","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2009.2027359","article-title":"Generalizing surrogate-assisted evolutionary computation","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-020-00336-7","article-title":"Managing computational complexity using surrogate models: a critical review","volume":"31","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Eng Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951_b49","article-title":"Speeding-up evolutionary algorithms to solve black-box optimization problems","author":"Echevarrieta","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Evol Comput"}],"container-title":["Computer-Aided Design"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010448525001125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0010448525001125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T05:44:36Z","timestamp":1773121476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0010448525001125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0010448525001125"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951","relation":{},"ISSN":["0010-4485"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0010-4485","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolution-based tool path and motion planning optimization for 5-axis CNC machining of free-form surfaces","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer-Aided Design","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cad.2025.103951","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103951"}}