{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1785302631047,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017677","name":"Chuzhou Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004762","name":"The Education University of Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers & Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:17:57Z","timestamp":1718324277000},"page":"105106","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Facilitating self-directed language learning in real-life scene description tasks with automated evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2153-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruibin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9018-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"ZhiWei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9449-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip L.H.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2015.07.524","article-title":"Current challenges in teaching\/learning English for EFL learners: The case of junior high school and high school","volume":"199","author":"Akbari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib2","first-page":"317","article-title":"Authentic digital storytelling as alternative teaching strategy to develop speaking skills in EFL classes","volume":"14","author":"Arroba","year":"2021","journal-title":"LEARN Journal: Language Education and Acquisition Research Network"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12481","article-title":"Computer\u2010mediated feedback for L2 learners: Challenges versus affordances","volume":"37","author":"Bahari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Learning"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2023.2190136","article-title":"Speakers prioritise affordance-based object semantics in scene descriptions","volume":"38","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2021.1936071","article-title":"Using automated written corrective feedback in the writing classrooms: Effects on L2 writing accuracy","volume":"36","author":"Barrot","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.02.021","article-title":"Deep multimodal learning for cross-modal retrieval: One model for all tasks","volume":"146","author":"Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.405","article-title":"Expanded learning time and opportunities: Key principles, driving perspectives, and major challenges","volume":"131","author":"Blyth","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Directions for Youth Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/0273475313494010","article-title":"Self-directed learning: A tool for lifelong learning","volume":"36","author":"Boyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Marketing Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib9","series-title":"Handbook of automated essay evaluation: Current applications and new directions","first-page":"55","article-title":"The e-rater\u00ae automated essay scoring system","author":"Burstein","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib10","unstructured":"Cambridge Assessment English. B2 First Handbook for Teachers. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.cambridgeenglish.org\/images\/167791-b2-first-handbook.pdf. (Last accessed: 5 October 2023)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib11","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF international conference on computer vision","first-page":"347","article-title":"CrossViT: Cross-attention multi-scale vision transformer for image classification","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820802602329","article-title":"Personalised context-aware ubiquitous learning system for supporting effective English vocabulary learning","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib13","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"7020","article-title":"CLIP2Scene: Towards label-efficient 3D scene understanding by CLIP","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01320076","article-title":"Dual coding theory and education","volume":"3","author":"Clark","year":"1991","journal-title":"Educational Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309","article-title":"Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib16","first-page":"2","article-title":"Cognitive apprenticeship","volume":"8","author":"Collins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Thinking: The Journal of Philosophy for Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib17","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Koli calling international conference on computing education research","first-page":"123","article-title":"Familiar contexts and the difficulty of programming problems","author":"Craig","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104094","article-title":"A review of automated feedback systems for learners: Classification framework, challenges and opportunities","volume":"162","author":"Deeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib19","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 conference of the North American chapter of the association for computational linguistics: Human language technologies","first-page":"4171","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib20","series-title":"Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education","author":"Dewey","year":"1916"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-008-9029-x","article-title":"Components of fostering self-regulated learning among students. A meta-analysis on intervention studies at primary and secondary school level","volume":"3","author":"Dignath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metacognition Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib21","article-title":"An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.11929"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-023-01891-x","article-title":"CLIP-Adapter: Better vision-language models with feature adapters","volume":"132","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728921000547","article-title":"Expanding and contextualizing digital language learning","volume":"25","author":"Godwin-Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bilingualism: Language and Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2015.1064447","article-title":"Situated cognition and learning environments: Implications for teachers on-and offline in the new digital media age","volume":"23","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib25","series-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd international conference on neural information processing systems","first-page":"11137","article-title":"Image captioning: Transforming objects into words","author":"Herdade","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2011.639783","article-title":"Users' familiar situational contexts facilitate the practice of EFL in elementary schools with mobile devices","volume":"26","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib27","series-title":"Emerging issues in smart learning","first-page":"197","article-title":"Facilitating listening and speaking with game-based learning activities in situational context","author":"Hwang","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib28","article-title":"AI-enabled adaptive learning systems: A systematic mapping of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Kabudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274","article-title":"ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education","volume":"103","author":"Kasneci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100336","article-title":"Comparative analysis on cross-modal information retrieval: A review","volume":"39","author":"Kaur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Science Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib31","series-title":"Proceedings of conference on ICT for language learning","first-page":"5146","article-title":"Automated scoring of EFL learners' written performance: A torture or a blessing","author":"Khoii","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib32","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","first-page":"11144","article-title":"Region-aware pretraining for open-vocabulary object detection with vision transformers","author":"Kim","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11377-x","article-title":"Developing mobile language learning applications: A systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/17501229.2014.918982","article-title":"Perceiving and traversing in-class and out-of-class learning: Accounts from foreign language learners in Hong Kong","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/09658416.2019.1675679","article-title":"Learning beliefs and autonomous language learning with technology beyond the classroom","volume":"28","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Language Awareness"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-10945-5","article-title":"Learning strategies in self-directed language learning using mobile technology in higher education: A systematic scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.171","article-title":"Understanding the quality of out-of-class English learning","volume":"49","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tesol Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib38","first-page":"335","article-title":"Mobile seamless technology enhanced CSL oral communication","volume":"19","author":"Lan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib39","series-title":"Language-independent methods for computer-assisted pronunciation training (Doctoral dissertation)","author":"Lee","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2018.1535509","article-title":"EFL students' views of willingness to communicate in the extramural digital context","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2019.1688836","article-title":"A systematic review of context-aware technology use in foreign language learning","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2019.1602545","article-title":"Reconceptualization of the context in language learning with a location-based AR app","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib43","article-title":"Improved baselines with visual instruction tuning","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.03744"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S0958344019000065","article-title":"mobile-assisted language learning: A Duolingo case study","volume":"31","author":"Loewen","year":"2019","journal-title":"ReCALL"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2021.3088506","article-title":"T-BERTSum: Topic-aware text summarization based on BERT","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motivational beliefs of urban and rural students in English as a foreign language learning: The case of China","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib47","article-title":"Structured pruning of a BERT-based question answering model","author":"McCarley","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.06360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib48","series-title":"Broadening the frontiers of foreign language education: Selected papers from the 1995 central states conference","first-page":"33","article-title":"Children's books in the foreign language classroom: Acquiring natural language in familiar contexts","author":"Moeller","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-019-09793-2","article-title":"Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world","volume":"65","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Review of Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2019.1595664","article-title":"Intelligent personal assistants: Can they understand and be understood by accented L2 learners?","volume":"33","author":"Moussalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2020.1744665","article-title":"Self-experienced storytelling in an authentic context to facilitate EFL writing","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2018.07.002","article-title":"Teacher implementation of self-regulated strategy development with an automated writing evaluation system: Effects on the argumentative writing performance of middle school students","volume":"54","author":"Palermo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemporary Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3928\/0148-4834-20020101-06","article-title":"A new perspective on competencies for self-directed learning","volume":"41","author":"Patterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARPED\/v10-i1\/8939","article-title":"A systematic literature review on the use of mobile-assisted language Learning (MALL) for enhancing speaking skills among ESL and EFL learners","volume":"10","author":"Rajendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0033688214561621","article-title":"The changing face of language learning: Learning beyond the classroom","volume":"46","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"RELC Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib56","series-title":"Proceedings of the 62nd annual meeting of the human factors and ergonomics society","first-page":"2089","article-title":"Automated writing instruction and feedback: Instructional mode, attitudes, and revising","author":"Roscoe","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jslw.2015.02.001","article-title":"Exploring the potential of second\/foreign language writing for language learning: The effects of task factors and learner variables","volume":"28","author":"Ruiz-Funes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Second Language Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib58","series-title":"Smart education and e-learning 2016","first-page":"97","article-title":"Conceptual framework for feedback automation in SLEs","author":"Serral","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib59","first-page":"44","article-title":"Authentic use of technology to improve EFL communication and motivation through international language exchange video chat","volume":"19","author":"Sevy-Biloon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Teaching English with Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40468-020-00111-4","article-title":"Examining consistency among different rubrics for assessing writing","volume":"10","author":"Shabani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Language Testing in Asia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2022.2153145","article-title":"Using automated corrective feedback tools in language learning: A review study","author":"Shadiev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2017.1308383","article-title":"Review of research on mobile language learning in authentic environments","volume":"30","author":"Shadiev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib63","first-page":"53","article-title":"The impact of supported and annotated mobile learning on achievement and cognitive load","volume":"18","author":"Shadiev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12839","article-title":"Review of research on mobile\u2010assisted language learning in familiar, authentic environments","volume":"51","author":"Shadiev","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib65","series-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, New Orleans, LA, USA","first-page":"15617","article-title":"FLAVA: A foundational language and vision alignment model","author":"Singh","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.13037","article-title":"Affordances of a mobile learner\u2010generated tool for pupils' English as a second language vocabulary learning: An ecological perspective","volume":"52","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2013.11.007","article-title":"The effects of computer-generated feedback on the quality of writing","volume":"19","author":"Stevenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib68","series-title":"Beyond the language classroom","first-page":"106","article-title":"A possible path to progress: Out-of-school English language learners in Sweden","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of intelligent personal assistants on EFL learners' oral proficiency outside the classroom","author":"Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of Google Assistant on adolescent EFL learners' willingness to communicate","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib71","series-title":"Proceedings of the 45th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval","first-page":"982","article-title":"Bit-aware semantic transformer hashing for multimodal retrieval","author":"Tan","year":"2022"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2023.3320231","article-title":"Wearable augmented reality: Research trends and future directions from three major venues","volume":"29","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2013.07.014","article-title":"Cross-cultural analysis of users' attitudes toward the use of mobile devices in second and foreign language learning in higher education: A case from Sweden and China","volume":"69","author":"Viberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asw.2020.100449","article-title":"eRevis (ing): Students' revision of text evidence use in an automated writing evaluation system","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assessing Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2019.1667831","article-title":"Learners' perceived AI presences in AI-supported language learning: A study of AI as a humanized agent from community of inquiry","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib76","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems","first-page":"1","article-title":"Providing adaptive feedback in concept mapping to improve reading comprehension","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.05.004","article-title":"Automated essay evaluation software in English language arts classrooms: Effects on teacher feedback, student motivation, and writing quality","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633119830764","article-title":"Automated writing evaluation and feedback: Multiple metrics of efficacy","volume":"58","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib79","first-page":"13","article-title":"Systematic bias in student self-reported data","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal for Economic Educators"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-016-9383-z","article-title":"Seamlessly learning Chinese: Contextual meaning making and vocabulary growth in a seamless Chinese as a second language learning environment","volume":"44","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Instructional Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib81","first-page":"317","article-title":"Student engagement with computer-generated feedback: A case study","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ELT Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2019.1662455","article-title":"Chinese postgraduate EFL learners' self-directed use of mobile English learning resources","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Computer Assisted Language Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.889911","article-title":"Cross-modal learning: Adaptivity, prediction and interaction","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurorobotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107220","article-title":"Knowledge-enabled BERT for aspect-based sentiment analysis","volume":"227","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7031","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11473-y","article-title":"AI-assisted automated scoring of picture-cued writing tasks for language assessment","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2021.108153","article-title":"Knowledge base graph embedding module design for Visual question answering model","volume":"120","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"}],"container-title":["Computers & Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131524001209?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131524001209?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T09:57:40Z","timestamp":1721123860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360131524001209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S0360131524001209"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Facilitating self-directed language learning in real-life scene description tasks with automated evaluation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers & Education","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compedu.2024.105106","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105106"}}