{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T09:50:15Z","timestamp":1768384215599,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52576091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52576091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52276085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52276085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:18:17Z","timestamp":1762273097000},"page":"111901","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based inverse optimization structural design and comprehensive thermal reliability assessment of RPV insulation structure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"267","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenyuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yungang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0001","first-page":"97","article-title":"IVR design and review of advanced NPPs in China: issues and perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JANDT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENG.2016.01.019","article-title":"-Vessel melt retention of pressurized water reactors: historical review and future research needs","volume":"2","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.106","article-title":"Thermal hydraulic and stress coupling analysis for AP1000 pressurized thermal shock (PTS) study under SBLOCA scenario","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-5493(97)00024-1","article-title":"The coolability limits of a lower reactor pressure vessel Head","volume":"169","author":"Theofanous","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucl Eng Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0951-8320(97)00170-1","article-title":"Application of the risk oriented accident analysis methodology (ROAAM) to severe accident management in the AP600 advanced light water reactor","volume":"62","author":"Scobel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2023.104939","article-title":"Numerical study of thermal-hydraulic and structural parameters effects on CHF in subcooled forced convection flow during external reactor vessel cooling","volume":"165","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0007","series-title":"18th international conference on nuclear engineering","article-title":"In-vessel retention of molten core debris for CAP1400","author":"Wang","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0008","first-page":"3","article-title":"1 - Reactor pressure vessel (RPV) design and fabrication: the case of the USA","author":"Server","year":"2015","journal-title":"Irradiat Embrittlement React Press Vessels (RPVs) Nucl Power Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4765046","article-title":"Studies on key effect factors of natural circulation characteristics for advanced PWR reactor cavity flooding system","volume":"2020","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Technol Nucl Install"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucengdes.2019.03.016","article-title":"Influences of some engineered factors on IVR-ERVC limits","volume":"347","author":"Kuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl Eng Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2024.105193","article-title":"Experimental study of IVR-ERVC CHF limits for CAP1400","volume":"172","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2019.01.002","article-title":"Inverse design of aircraft cabin ventilation by integrating three methods","volume":"150","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Build Env"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1360\/TB-2022-0811","article-title":"Theoretical basis and method of airflow organization design in enclosed or semi-enclosed space","volume":"68","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Sci Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2023.109464","article-title":"Deep-learning-based inverse structural design of a battery-pack system","volume":"238","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.116464","article-title":"A novel genetic algorithm based system for the scheduling of medical treatments","volume":"195","author":"Squires","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0016","series-title":"Proceedings of the 16th IBPSA Conference","article-title":"Inverse design of built environment by a fast fluid dynamics-based genetic algorithm","author":"Xue","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2018.04.033","article-title":"Optimal design of an indoor environment by the CFD-based adjoint method with area-constrained topology and cluster analysis","volume":"138","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build Env"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12804","article-title":"Inverse design of the thermal environment in an airplane cockpit using the adjoint method with the momentum method","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2019.01.018","article-title":"Review for order reduction based on proper orthogonal decomposition and outlooks of applications in mechanical systems","volume":"123","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mech Syst Signal Pr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2015.11.020","article-title":"Prompt design of the air-supply opening size for a commercial airplane based on the proper orthogonal decomposition of flows","volume":"96","author":"Wei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Build Env"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0021","series-title":"2024 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Microwave","article-title":"CNN-genetic algorithm hybrid approach for rapid inverse design of ultra-wideband metasurfaces","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2024.117187","article-title":"A deep learning\u2012genetic algorithm approach for aerodynamic inverse design via optimization of pressure distribution","volume":"429","author":"Shirvani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103291","article-title":"Optimization of air supply parameters for stratum ventilation based on proper orthogonal decomposition","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0024","article-title":"An efficient design method of indoor ventilation parameters for high-speed trains using improved proper orthogonal decomposition reconstruction","volume":"71","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0025","first-page":"453","article-title":"Inverse design and optimization of low specific speed centrifugal pump blade based on adaptive POD hybrid model","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Fluid Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ast.2020.105955","article-title":"Proper orthogonal decomposition assisted inverse design optimization method for the compressor cascade airfoil","volume":"105","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosp Sci Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111348","article-title":"Reliability analysis and layout optimization for a multi-component system with thermal coupling","volume":"264","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104591","article-title":"Inverse design of dynamic protective air supply based on proper orthogonal decomposition","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0029","article-title":"Inverse optimization design of heat transfer performance for the reactor pressure vessel insulation structure based on reduced-order model","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucl Tech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2023.107059","article-title":"Development of a full-scale MATCH model in heat transfer performance simulation of RPV insulation structure with experimental validation","volume":"148","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Commun Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0031","series-title":"Computational techniques for complex transport phenomena","author":"Shyy","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0032","series-title":"Computational fluid dynamics: principles and applications","author":"Blazek","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0033","series-title":"Numerical heat transfer","author":"Tao","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1090\/qam\/910462","article-title":"Turbulence and the dynamics of coherent structures. I. Coherent structures","volume":"45","author":"Sirovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Q Appl Math"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.2514\/1.J056060","article-title":"Modal analysis of fluid flows: an overview","volume":"55","author":"Taira","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIAA J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.10.013","article-title":"Error estimation in POD-based dynamic reduced-order thermal modeling of data centers","volume":"57","author":"Ghosh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0037","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison study on linear interpolation and cubic B-spline interpolation proper orthogonal decomposition methods","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Mech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2019.03.089","article-title":"Effective sensor placement in a steam reformer using gappy proper orthogonal decomposition","volume":"154","author":"Jo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Therm Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2019.04.026","article-title":"Coupled thermal\u2013structural analysis and multi-objective optimization of a cutting-type energy absorbing structure for subway vehicles","volume":"141","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125985","article-title":"A fast and high-fidelity multi-parameter thermal-field prediction system based on CFD and POD coupling: application to the RPV insulation structure","volume":"233","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Heat Mass Transf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0041","first-page":"30","article-title":"Research for the heat leakage caused by gaps on barrel insulation structure of reactor pressure vessel","volume":"1","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JANDT"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.109576","article-title":"Prediction and optimization of thermal comfort, IAQ and energy consumption of typical air-conditioned rooms based on a hybrid prediction model","volume":"225","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build Env"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110575","article-title":"Uncertainty-based multi-objective optimization in twin tunnel design considering fluid-solid coupling","volume":"253","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111051","article-title":"Improving the operational reliability of aeroengines based on coupled thermodynamics and dynamics stochastic responses","volume":"260","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2024.110007","article-title":"Active learning Kriging-based multi-objective modeling and optimization for system reliability-based robust design","volume":"245","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reliab Eng Syst Saf"}],"container-title":["Reliability Engineering &amp; System Safety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832025011019?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0951832025011019?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T04:12:41Z","timestamp":1768363961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0951832025011019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0951832025011019"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901","relation":{},"ISSN":["0951-8320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0951-8320","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based inverse optimization structural design and comprehensive thermal reliability assessment of RPV insulation structure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ress.2025.111901","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111901"}}