{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:55:59Z","timestamp":1782474959974,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":175,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010905","name":"Major Research Plan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023BAA027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BAA027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010905","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62374055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62374055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61904051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61904051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023AFA021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AFA021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFB573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFA1011200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFA1011200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IET Information Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The SM4 block cipher is standardized in ISO\/IEC, and it is also the national standard of commercial cryptography in China. In this paper, we propose two new techniques called \u201csplit\u2010and\u2010join\u201d and \u201coff\u2010peak and stagger\u201d to make SM4 more applicable to resource\u2010constrained environments. The area optimization method uses a 1\u2010bit data path while reducing the number of registers from 64 to 8 and the number of XOR gates from 194 to 8. As a result, we report a 1\u2010bit\u2010serial SM4 encryption circuit that occupies 1771 GE with a latency of 2,336 cycles. Additionally, the \u201coff\u2010peak and stagger\u201d technique compresses all the operations within the state update and key schedule into 32 clock cycles to reduce the latency. In other words, it takes 32 clock cycles to complete one\n                    <jats:italic>round<\/jats:italic>\n                    encryption. The new circuit occupies 1861 GE with a latency of 1,344 cycles. Moreover, we also discuss how to further reduce the latency by increasing the data path with a small area overhead to provide wider area\u2010latency tradeoffs for SM4. Our designs make SM4 competitive with many ciphers specifically designed for lightweight cryptography.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/2024\/7047055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T06:37:04Z","timestamp":1719211024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimized SM4 Hardware Implementations for Low Area Consumption"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4820-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5149-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zejun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8531-6517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shasha","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8351-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7491-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2848586"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKayK. A. BasshamL. E. TuranM. S. andMouhaN. Report on lightweight cryptography 2017.","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","unstructured":"BeaulieuR. ShorsD. SmithJ. Treatman-ClarkS. WeeksB. andWingersL. The SIMON and SPECK families of lightweight block ciphers 2013 IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 404."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-020-0115-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74735-2_31"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-022-1677-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49890-4_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","unstructured":"BanikS. BogdanovA. andRegazzoniF. Atomic-aes v 2.0 2016 IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 1005."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66787-4_33"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04722-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2021.i1.239-278"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tosc.v2020.i1.185-232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","unstructured":"DiffieW.andLedinG. SMS4 encryption algorithm for wireless networks 2008 IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 329."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2923440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","article-title":"Pipelined high-speed implementation of SMS4","author":"Wu M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Electron Devices"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05755-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Hardware lmplementation and optimization of SM4 algorithm based on high-level synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Shen Y. X.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microcontrollers and Embedded Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19665\/j.issn1001-2400.2021.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cds2.12011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuanZ. Y. LiY. H. ShangT. LiuJ. W. SunM. P. andLiY. Implementation of SM4 on FPGA: trade-off analysis between area and speed 2018 IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Safety for Robotics (ISR) 2018 Shenyang China IEEE 192\u2013197 https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IISR.2018.8535613 2-s2.0-85059051445.","DOI":"10.1109\/IISR.2018.8535613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JinY. E. ShenH. B. andYouR. Q. Implementation of SMS4 block cipher on fpga 2006 First International Conference on Communications and Networking in China 2006 Beijing China IEEE 1\u20134 https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CHINACOM.2006.344900 2-s2.0-36048954597.","DOI":"10.1109\/CHINACOM.2006.344900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","series-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","volume-title":"High Performance Networking, Computing, and Communication Systems","author":"Wang H.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GaoX. W. LuE. H. XianL. andChenH. W. FPGA implementation of the SMS4 block cipher in the chinese WAPI standard 2008 International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems Symposia 2008 IEEE 104\u2013106 https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICESS.Symposia.2008.76 2-s2.0-55349087929.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESS.Symposia.2008.76"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenY. X. SongJ. F. ChenS. CaoY. YeJ. LiH. W. LiX. W. LouX. andYaoE. Y. Exploring the high-throughput and low-delay hardware design of SM4 on FPGA 2022 19th International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC) 2022 Gangneung-si Republic of Korea IEEE 211\u2013212 https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ISOCC56007.2022.10031393.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISOCC56007.2022.10031393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShangM. ZhangQ. L. LiuZ. B. XiangJ. andJingJ. An ultra-compact hardware implementation of SMS4 2014 IIAI 3rd International Conference on Advanced Applied Informatics 2014 Kokura Japan IEEE 86\u201390 https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IIAI-AAI.2014.28 2-s2.0-84918521995.","DOI":"10.1109\/IIAI-AAI.2014.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","unstructured":"Github repository: cafune77\/submit Accessed: 2023-10-09https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/cafune77\/submit."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(88)90024-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijics.2023.127999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","unstructured":"BuX. L. WuN. ZhouF. andYahyaM. R. A compact implementation of SM4 encryption and decryption circuit Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2019 October 2019 San Francisco USA WCECS 73\u201377."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-3428.2013.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24104\/rmhe\/2017.04.01001"}],"container-title":["IET Information Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/2024\/7047055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1762332776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/2024\/7047055"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bohui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/2024\/7047055"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1049\/2024\/7047055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1751-8709","1751-8717"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1751-8709","type":"print"},{"value":"1751-8717","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7047055"}}