{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T20:34:29Z","timestamp":1773002069879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ\u2010LZX0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ\u2010LZX0068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CAAI Trans on Intel Tech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Discovering meaningful face morphing is critical for applications in image synthesis. Traditional unsupervised methods rely on global or layer\u2010wise representations, neglecting finer local details and thus limiting the control over specific facial attributes. In this work, we introduce an improved unsupervised approach that leverages contrastive learning and K\u2010means clustering to learn both layer\u2010wise and local features (LLF) in the latent space of StyleGAN. Our method segments latent representations into multiple local components across different layers, enabling fine\u2010grained control over attributes such as hair, eyes, and mouth. Experimental results demonstrate that LLF outperforms existing methods by providing more interpretable facial transformations while preserving high image realism, offering a promising solution for enhanced unsupervised face morphing applications. The code is available at\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/disanda\/LLF\">https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/disanda\/LLF<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1049\/cit2.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T17:56:34Z","timestamp":1764352594000},"page":"137-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Towards Interpretable Face Morphing via Unsupervised Learning of Layer\u2010Wise and Local Features"],"prefix":"10.1049","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4816-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence Chongqing University of Technology  Chongqing China"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology  Macau China"}]},{"given":"Wenmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology  Macau China"}]}],"member":"265","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2020.2970919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Richardson E.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"30105","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Sauer A.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00209"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2019.2916751"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2022.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2020.3034267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447648"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00581"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Ling H.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen E.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"1532","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Shen Y.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00655"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263\u2010020\u201001429\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Learning Representations","author":"Bau D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2022.3181070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2022.3167305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.112201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588432.3591500"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"8300","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Li D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"8748","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Radford A.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"1597","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Chen T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","article-title":"Segmentation in Style: Unsupervised Semantic Image Segmentation With Stylegan and CLIP","author":"Pakhomov D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv preprint abs\/2107.12518"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02289263"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377\u20100427(87)90125\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/347090.347123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2003.819861"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"6626","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems","author":"Heusel M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)","author":"Esser P.","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/cit2.70088","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1049\/cit2.70088","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1049\/cit2.70088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:10:20Z","timestamp":1772993420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1049\/cit2.70088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1049\/cit2.70088"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cit2.70088","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2468-6557","2468-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2468-6557","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}