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The current study proposes a new, tighter measure of these hallucinatory states: Sleep onset, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REM<\/jats:styled-content> sleep, and non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REM<\/jats:styled-content> sleep are shown to differ with regard to (a) <jats:italic>motor imagery<\/jats:italic> indicating interactions with a rich imaginative world, and (b) <jats:italic>cognitive agency<\/jats:italic> that could enable sleepers to recognize their hallucinatory state. Mentation reports from the different states were analysed quantitatively with regard to two grammatical\u2013semantic constructs, motor agency and cognitive agency. The present results support earlier physiological and psychological evidence in revealing a decline in cognitive functions and an increase in simulated interactions with a hallucinatory world, en route to normal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REM<\/jats:styled-content> sleep. This leads us to introduce the hypothesis that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">REM<\/jats:styled-content> sleep, which exhibits remarkably high levels of (simulated) sensorimotor processes, may have evolved to serve as a virtual laboratory for the development and rehearsal of embodied cognition. The new measure of hallucinatory states presented here may also hold implications for the study of executive functions and (meta\u2010)cognitions, which might be interesting, for example, for the investigation of lucid dreaming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]],"date-time":"2017-06-06T11:37:02Z","timestamp":1496749022000},"page":"311-333","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A New Measure of Hallucinatory States and a Discussion of <scp>REM<\/scp> Sleep Dreaming as a Virtual Laboratory for the Rehearsal of Embodied Cognition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Clemens","family":"Speth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Dundee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00120-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5417"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(96)00072-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.029"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036908","article-title":"Spontaneous lucid dreaming frequency and waking insight","volume":"24","author":"Bourke P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.2.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207459608986348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"506","volume-title":"A companion to cognitive science","author":"Clark A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl363"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00225-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.10.1763"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2010.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00008-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00089-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3342-14.2015","article-title":"Metacognitive mechanisms underlying lucid dreaming","volume":"35","author":"Filevich E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00306"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2003.00146.x","article-title":"Thinking and hallucinating: Reciprocal changes in sleep","volume":"42","author":"Fosse R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023581","article-title":"Individual differences in mental activity at sleep onset","volume":"71","author":"Foulkes D.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00090.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024972","article-title":"Video game play as nightmare protection: A preliminary inquiry with military gamers","volume":"21","author":"Gackenbach J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"The ecological approach to visual perception","author":"Gibson J. 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