{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T10:08:24Z","timestamp":1779358104778,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":366,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006754","name":"Army Research Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006754","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Meaning depends on context. This applies in obvious cases like deictics or sarcasm as well as more subtle situations like framing or persuasion. One key aspect of this is the identity of the participants in an interaction. Our interpretation of an utterance shifts based on a variety of factors, including personal history, background knowledge, and our relationship to the source. While obviously an incomplete model of individual differences, demographic factors provide a useful starting point and allow us to capture some of this variance. However, the relevance of specific demographic factors varies between situations\u2014where age might be the key factor in one context, ideology might dominate in another. To address this challenge, we introduce a method for combining demographics and context into situated demographic embeddings\u2014mapping representations into a continuous geometric space appropriate for the given domain, showing the resulting representations to be functional and interpretable. We further demonstrate how to make use of related external data so as to apply this approach in low\u2010resource situations. Finally, we show how these representations can be incorporated into improve modeling of real\u2010world natural language understanding tasks, improving model performance and helping with issues of data sparsity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T13:42:29Z","timestamp":1547646149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Incorporating Demographic Embeddings Into Language Understanding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Justin","family":"Garten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of Southern California"},{"name":"Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of Southern California"},{"name":"Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Hoover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Sagae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics University of California Davis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Dehghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science University of Southern California"},{"name":"Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01787.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106361"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-2134"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1137","article-title":"A neural probabilistic language model","volume":"3","author":"Bengio Y.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20192-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Meaning and necessity: A study in semantics and modal logic","author":"Carnap R.","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1119-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0551-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1390156.1390177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conneau A. Kiela D. Schwenk H. Barrault L. &Bordes A.(2017).Supervised learning of universal sentence representations from natural language inference data.arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.02364.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Lectures on deixis","author":"Fillmore C. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fix E. &HodgesJr J. L.(1951).Discriminatory analysis\u2010nonparametric discrimination: Consistency properties. Technical Report.Berkeley:University of California Berkeley.","DOI":"10.1037\/e471672008-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Representations: Philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science","author":"Fodor J. A.","year":"1981"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"\u00dcber sinn und bedeutung","volume":"100","author":"Frege G.","year":"1892","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Philosophie und Philosophische Kritik"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1242"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(91)90010-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021847"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)02011-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.114.2.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.4.814"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"852\u2010870","volume-title":"Handbook of affective sciences","author":"Haidt J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion","author":"Haidt J.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11211-007-0034-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10478400903028573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-2079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K15-1011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0980-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Kingma D. P. &Ba J.(2014).Adam: A method for stochastic optimization.arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","volume-title":"Randomization, bootstrap and Monte Carlo methods in biology","author":"Manly B. F.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2004.1380138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"Mikolov T. Chen K. Corrado G. &Dean J.(2013).Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space.arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"807","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML\u201010)","author":"Nair V.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-9993(94)90003-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034058"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1321440.1321528"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(93)90309-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.4.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","article-title":"Putting things in context: Community\u2010specific embedding projections for sentiment analysis","author":"Yang Y.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arxiv\u2010Social Media Intelligence"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fcogs.12701","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cogs.12701","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/cogs.12701","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/cogs.12701","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/cogs.12701","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T04:26:38Z","timestamp":1694665598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cogs.12701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/cogs.12701"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cogs.12701","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e12701"}}