{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T04:12:44Z","timestamp":1771647164211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(4-6934)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(4-6934)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee, Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(PolyU5219\/06E)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(PolyU5219\/06E)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Climbing Plan of Nanying University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. The extent of the potentially confounding effect of class size in the fault prediction context is not clear, nor is the method to remove the potentially confounding effect, or the influence of this removal on the performance of fault-proneness prediction models.<jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. We aim to provide an in-depth understanding of the effect of class size on the true associations between object-oriented metrics and fault-proneness.<jats:italic>Method<\/jats:italic>. We first employ statistical methods to examine the extent of the potentially confounding effect of class size in the fault prediction context. After that, we propose a linear regression-based method to remove the potentially confounding effect. Finally, we empirically investigate whether this removal could improve the prediction performance of fault-proneness prediction models.<jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Based on open-source software systems, we found: (a) the confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented metrics and fault-proneness in general exists; (b) the proposed linear regression-based method can effectively remove the confounding effect; and (c) after removing the confounding effect, the prediction performance of fault prediction models with respect to both ranking and classification can in general be significantly improved.<jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. We should remove the confounding effect of class size when building fault prediction models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/2556777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,18]],"date-time":"2014-02-18T14:08:32Z","timestamp":1392732512000},"page":"1-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["An in-depth study of the potentially confounding effect of class size in fault prediction"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yuming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baowen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hareton","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5381\/jot.2007.6.10.a5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"H. Aman K. Yamasaki H. Yamada and M. T. Noda. 2002. A proposal of class cohesion metrics using sizes of cohesive parts. In Knowledge-Based Software Engineering. IOS Press 102--107. H. Aman K. Yamasaki H. Yamada and M. T. Noda. 2002. A proposal of class cohesion metrics using sizes of cohesive parts. In Knowledge-Based Software Engineering. IOS Press 102--107."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1159733.1159738"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.06.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5381\/jot.2004.3.4.a8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"A class cohesion metric for object-oriented designs","volume":"11","author":"Bansiya J.","year":"1999","unstructured":"J. Bansiya , L. Etzkorn , C. Davis , and W. Li . 1999 . A class cohesion metric for object-oriented designs . J. Object-Oriented Program. 11 , 8, 47 -- 52 . J. Bansiya, L. Etzkorn, C. Davis, and W. Li. 1999. A class cohesion metric for object-oriented designs. J. Object-Oriented Program. 11, 8, 47--52.","journal-title":"J. Object-Oriented Program."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.544352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity","author":"Belsley D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"D. Belsley , E. Kuh , and R. Welsch . 2010 . Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity . John Wiley and Sons . D. Belsley, E. Kuh, and R. Welsch. 2010. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302405.302652"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223427.211856"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.481535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/253228.253367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. C. Briand J. Wust S. Ikonomovski and H. Lounis. 1998a. A comprehensive investigation of quality factors in object-oriented designs: An industrial case study. Tech. rep. ISERN-98-29 International Software Engineering Research Network. L. C. Briand J. Wust S. Ikonomovski and H. Lounis. 1998a. A comprehensive investigation of quality factors in object-oriented designs: An industrial case study. Tech. rep. ISERN-98-29 International Software Engineering Research Network.","DOI":"10.1145\/302405.302654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009783721306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.748920"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/302405.302654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(99)00102-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.965338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2002.1019484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg286"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering. 212","author":"Catal C.","unstructured":"C. Catal , U. Sevim , and B. Diri . 2009. Software fault prediction of unlabeled program modules . In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering. 212 . C. Catal, U. Sevim, and B. Diri. 2009. Software fault prediction of unlabeled program modules. In Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering. 212."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/117954.117970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.295895"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","unstructured":"J. Cohen . 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . J. Cohen. 1988. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1131421.1131422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories. 31--41","author":"D'Ambros M.","unstructured":"M. D'Ambros , M. Lanza , and R. Robbes . 2010. An extensive comparison of bug prediction approaches . In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories. 31--41 . M. D'Ambros, M. Lanza, and R. Robbes. 2010. An extensive comparison of bug prediction approaches. In Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories. 31--41."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143874"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2012.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/353415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th CaberNet Plenary Workshop.","author":"Denaro G.","unstructured":"G. Denaro , L. Lavazza , and M. Pezz . 2003. An empirical evaluation of object oriented metrics in industrial setting . In Proceedings of the 5th CaberNet Plenary Workshop. G. Denaro, L. Lavazza, and M. Pezz. 2003. An empirical evaluation of object oriented metrics in industrial setting. In Proceedings of the 5th CaberNet Plenary Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering. 339--348","author":"Dickinson W.","unstructured":"W. Dickinson , D. Leon , and A. Podgurski . 2001. Finding failures by cluster analysis for execution profiles . In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering. 339--348 . W. Dickinson, D. Leon, and A. Podgurski. 2001. Finding failures by cluster analysis for execution profiles. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Software Engineering. 339--348."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"K. El Emam S. Benlarbi and N. Goel. 1999a. The confounding effect of class size on the validity of object-oriented metrics. Tech. rep. ERB-1062. K. El Emam S. Benlarbi and N. Goel. 1999a. The confounding effect of class size on the validity of object-oriented metrics. Tech. rep. ERB-1062."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"K. El Emam S. Beniarbi N. Goel and S. Rai. 1999b. A validation of object-oriented metrics. Tech. rep. ERB-1063 NRC. K. El Emam S. Beniarbi N. Goel and S. Rai. 1999b. A validation of object-oriented metrics. Tech. rep. ERB-1063 NRC."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"A methodology for validating software product metrics. Tech. rep. NCR\/ERB-1076","author":"Emam K. El","unstructured":"K. El Emam . 2000. A methodology for validating software product metrics. Tech. rep. NCR\/ERB-1076 , National Research Council of Canada , Ottawa, Ontario . K. El Emam. 2000. A methodology for validating software product metrics. Tech. rep. NCR\/ERB-1076, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00086-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.935855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1540438.1540462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1214331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.2.486"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/32.879815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering. 121--130","author":"Fioravanti F.","unstructured":"F. Fioravanti and P. Nesi . 2001. A study on fault-proneness detection of object-oriented systems . In Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering. 121--130 . F. Fioravanti and P. Nesi. 2001. A study on fault-proneness detection of object-oriented systems. In Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering. 121--130."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Confused by confounding&quest","author":"Fitzmaurice G.","unstructured":"G. Fitzmaurice . 2003. Confused by confounding&quest ; Nutrition 19, 2, 189--191. G. Fitzmaurice. 2003. Confused by confounding&quest; Nutrition 19, 2, 189--191."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"D. Glasberg K. El Emam W. Melo and N. Madhavji. 2000. Validating object-oriented design metrics on a commercial java application. Tech rep. RC\/ERB-1080 National Research Council of Canada. D. Glasberg K. El Emam W. Melo and N. Madhavji. 2000. Validating object-oriented design metrics on a commercial java application. Tech rep. RC\/ERB-1080 National Research Council of Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2005.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2011.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-009-5119-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"B. Henderson-Sellers. 1996. Software Metrics. Prentice-Hall. B. Henderson-Sellers. 1996. Software Metrics. Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0141-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Corporate Computing.","author":"Hitz M.","unstructured":"M. Hitz and B. Montazeri . 1995. Measuring coupling and cohesion in object-oriented systems . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Corporate Computing. M. Hitz and B. Montazeri. 1995. Measuring coupling and cohesion in object-oriented systems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applied Corporate Computing."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Psychology","author":"Howell D. C.","unstructured":"D. C. Howell . 2002. Statistical Methods for Psychology . Dukbury Press . D. C. Howell. 2002. Statistical Methods for Psychology. Dukbury Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNR.0000313479.55002.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESEM.2007.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing. 253--258","author":"Kamiya T.","unstructured":"T. Kamiya , S. Kusumoto , and K. Inoue . 1999. Prediction of fault-proneness at early phase in object-oriented development . In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing. 253--258 . T. Kamiya, S. Kusumoto, and K. Inoue. 1999. Prediction of fault-proneness at early phase in object-oriented development. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing. 253--258."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2006.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"K. B. Karlson A. Holm and R. Breen. 2010. Comparing regression coefficients using logit and probit: A new method. CSER WP No. 0003 Aarhus University. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.cser.dk\/fileadmin\/www.cser.dk\/wp_003kbkkkjrb.pdf. K. B. Karlson A. Holm and R. Breen. 2010. Comparing regression coefficients using logit and probit: A new method. CSER WP No. 0003 Aarhus University. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/www.cser.dk\/fileadmin\/www.cser.dk\/wp_003kbkkkjrb.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009896203228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computer Software and Applications. 104--109","author":"Kim E.","unstructured":"E. Kim , S. Kusumoto , and T. Kikuno . 1996. Heuristics for computing attribute values of C&plus;&plus; program complexity metrics . In Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computer Software and Applications. 104--109 . E. Kim, S. Kusumoto, and T. Kikuno. 1996. Heuristics for computing attribute values of C&plus;&plus; program complexity metrics. In Proceedings of the 20th Conference on Computer Software and Applications. 104--109."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods","author":"Kleinbaum D.","year":"1982","unstructured":"D. Kleinbaum , L. Kupper , and H. Morgenstern . 1982 . Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods . Van Nostrand Reinhold . D. Kleinbaum, L. Kupper, and H. Morgenstern. 1982. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. Van Nostrand Reinhold."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-008-9080-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2008.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-010-9132-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Annual Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics.","author":"Lake A.","unstructured":"A. Lake and C. Cook . 1994. Use of factor analysis to develop oop software complexity metrics . In Proceedings of the 6th Annual Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics. A. Lake and C. Cook. 1994. Use of factor analysis to develop oop software complexity metrics. In Proceedings of the 6th Annual Oregon Workshop on Software Metrics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Quality.","author":"Lee Y.","unstructured":"Y. Lee , B. Liang , S. Wu , and F. Wang . 1995. Measuring the coupling and cohesion of an object-oriented program based on information flow . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Quality. Y. Lee, B. Liang, S. Wu, and F. Wang. 1995. Measuring the coupling and cohesion of an object-oriented program based on information flow. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Quality."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2008.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"M. Lorenz and J. Kidd. 1994. Object-Oriented Software Metrics. Prentice Hall. M. Lorenz and J. Kidd. 1994. Object-Oriented Software Metrics. Prentice Hall."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"M. Lumpe R. Vasa T. Menzies and B. Turhan. 2011. Popularity is (almost) a perfect predictor for defects. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/promisedata.org\/repository\/data\/popularity\/popularity.pdf. M. Lumpe R. Vasa T. Menzies and B. Turhan. 2011. Popularity is (almost) a perfect predictor for defects. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/promisedata.org\/repository\/data\/popularity\/popularity.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026595011371"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774507083434"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis","author":"MacKinnon D. P.","unstructured":"D. P. MacKinnon . 2008. Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . D. P. MacKinnon. 2008. Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116813"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.70768"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1540438.1540448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10515-010-0069-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. Euro","volume":"26","author":"Mood C.","year":"2010","unstructured":"C. Mood . 2010 . Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. Euro . Sociol. Rev. 26 , 1, 67 -- 82 . C. Mood. 2010. Logistic regression: Why we cannot do what we think we can do, and what we can do about it. Euro. Sociol. Rev. 26, 1, 67--82.","journal-title":"Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Logistic Regression Models for Ordinal Response Variables","author":"O'Connell A. A.","unstructured":"A. A. O'Connell . 2005. Logistic Regression Models for Ordinal Response Variables . Sage Publications . A. A. O'Connell. 2005. Logistic Regression Models for Ordinal Response Variables. Sage Publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.1015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smr.v20:3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2007.70722"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects","volume":"16","author":"Preacher K. J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"K. J. Preacher and K. Kelley . 2011 . Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects . Psychol. Models 16 , 2, 93 -- 115 . K. J. Preacher and K. Kelley. 2011. Effect size measures for mediation models: Quantitative strategies for communicating indirect effects. Psychol. Models 16, 2, 93--115.","journal-title":"Psychol. Models"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2393596.2393669"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/823454.823905"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics.","author":"Schein A. I.","unstructured":"A. I. Schein , L. K. Saul , and L. H. Ungar . 2003. A generalized linear model for principal component analysis of binary data . In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. A. I. Schein, L. K. Saul, and L. H. Ungar. 2003. A generalized linear model for principal component analysis of binary data. In Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2009.2027131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HASE.2005.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-007-9013-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2006.889473"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering Research and Practice. 422--428","author":"Shatnawi R.","unstructured":"R. Shatnawi , W. Li , and H. Zhang . 2006. Predicting error probability in the eclipse project . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering Research and Practice. 422--428 . R. Shatnawi, W. Li, and H. Zhang. 2006. Predicting error probability in the eclipse project. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Software Engineering Research and Practice. 422--428."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.12.794"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2010.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-009-9079-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/270723"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","volume-title":"Basic Steps and Implementation","author":"Soleimannejed F.","unstructured":"F. Soleimannejed . 2004. Six Sigma , Basic Steps and Implementation . AuthorHouse . F. Soleimannejed. 2004. Six Sigma, Basic Steps and Implementation. AuthorHouse."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","first-page":"584","article-title":"A closer look at confounding","volume":"30","author":"Sonis J.","year":"1998","unstructured":"J. Sonis . 1998 . A closer look at confounding . Family Med. 30 , 8, 584 -- 588 . J. Sonis. 1998. A closer look at confounding. Family Med. 30, 8, 584--588.","journal-title":"Family Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1191795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(02)00024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","volume-title":"Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics","author":"Szklo M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Szklo and F. J. Nieto . 2000 . Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics . Aspen , Gaithersburg, MD . M. Szklo and F. J. Nieto. 2000. Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics. Aspen, Gaithersburg, MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Software Metrics Symposium. 242--249","author":"Tang M. H.","unstructured":"M. H. Tang , M. H. Kuo , and M. H. Chen . 1999. An empirical study on object-oriented metrics . In Proceedings of the 6th International Software Metrics Symposium. 242--249 . M. H. Tang, M. H. Kuo, and M. H. Chen. 1999. An empirical study on object-oriented metrics. In Proceedings of the 6th International Software Metrics Symposium. 242--249."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9236(93)E0045-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-007-9053-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg258"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration. 43--48","author":"Wang H.","unstructured":"H. Wang , T. M. Khoshgoftaar , and K. Gao . 2010. A comparative study of filter-based feature ranking techniques . Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration. 43--48 . H. Wang, T. M. Khoshgoftaar, and K. Gao. 2010. A comparative study of filter-based feature ranking techniques. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration. 43--48."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, San Fransisco.","author":"Witten I. H.","year":"2005","unstructured":"I. H. Witten and E. Frank . 2005 . Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, San Fransisco. I. H. Witten and E. Frank. 2005. Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, San Fransisco."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2006.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2009.32"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROMISE.2007.10"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2556777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/2556777","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T07:34:40Z","timestamp":1750232080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2556777"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/2556777"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2556777","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-331X","1557-7392"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-331X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7392","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2013-05-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-02-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}