{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T21:46:32Z","timestamp":1757540792398,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Semantic word similarity is a quantitative measure of how much two words are contextually similar. Evaluation of semantic word similarity models requires a benchmark corpus. However, despite the millions of speakers and the large digital text of the Urdu language on the Internet, there is a lack of benchmark corpus for the Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity task for the Urdu language. This article reports our efforts in developing such a corpus. The newly developed corpus is based on the SemEval-2017 task 2 English dataset, and it contains 1,945 cross-lingual English\u2013Urdu word pairs. For each of these pairs of words, semantic similarity scores were assigned by 11 native Urdu speakers. In addition to corpus generation, this article also reports the evaluation results of a baseline approach, namely \u201cTranslation Plus Monolingual Analysis\u201d for automated identification of semantic similarity between English\u2013Urdu word pairs. The results showed that the path length similarity measure performs better for the Google and Bing translated words. The newly created corpus and evaluation results are freely available online for further research and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3472618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T20:41:51Z","timestamp":1637268111000},"page":"1-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developing a Cross-lingual Semantic Word Similarity Corpus for English\u2013Urdu Language Pair"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ghazeefa","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rao Muhammad Adeel","family":"Nawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.92"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3360901.3364444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics","author":"Bangalore Srinivas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Srinivas Bangalore, Patrick Haffner, and Stephan Kanthak. 2007. Statistical machine translation through global lexical selection and sentence reconstruction. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics. 152\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Brychc\u00edn. (2018). Linear transformations for cross-lingual semantic textual similarity. Knowledge-Based Systems arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.04172. Retrieved from https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1807.04172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tom\u00e1\u0161 Brychc\u00edn Stephen Taylor and Luk\u00e1\u0161 Svoboda. 2019. Cross-lingual word analogies using linear transformations between semantic spaces. Expert Systems with Applications 135 (2019) 287\u2013295.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-2036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1744\/4\/042026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexis Conneau Guillaume Lample Ruty Rinott Adina Williams Samuel R. Bowman Holger Schwenk and Veselin Stoyanov. 2018. XNLI: Evaluating cross-lingual sentence representations. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.05053 . Retrieved from https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1809.05053","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"S. Anitha Elavarasi J. Akilandeswari and K. Menaga. 2014. A survey on semantic similarity measure. International Journal of Research in Advent Technology 2 3 (2014) 389\u2013398."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/371920.372094"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","volume-title":"Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar","author":"Francis Winthrop Nelson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Winthrop Nelson Francis, Henry Ku\u010dera, and Andrew W. Mackie. 1982. Frequency Analysis of English Usage: Lexicon and Grammar. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goran Glava\u0161 Marc Franco-Salvador Simone P. Ponzetto and Paolo Rosso. 2018. A resource-light method for cross-lingual semantic textual similarity. Knowledge-Based Systems 143 (2018) 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.11.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1220175.1220245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Barbara F. Grimes. 2000. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (14th ed.). 588\u2013598."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Israr Haneef Adeel Nawab Rao Muhammad Ehsan Ullah Munir and Imran Sarwar Bajwa. 2019. Design and development of a large cross-lingual plagiarism corpus for Urdu-English language pair. Scientific Programming 2019 Article ID 2962040.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2962040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1699648.1699665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","article-title":"Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy","author":"Jiang Jay J.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jay J. Jiang and David W. Conrath. 1997. Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy. arXiv:cmp-lg\/9709008. Retrieved from https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/arxiv.org\/abs\/cmp-lg\/9709008.","journal-title":"arXiv:cmp-lg\/9709008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/S14-2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"Alistair Kennedy and Graeme Hirst. 2012. Measuring semantic relatedness across languages. In Proceedings of xLiTe: Cross-Lingual Technologies Workshop at the Neural Information Processing Systems Conference . 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2018.00023"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7287.003.0018","article-title":"Combining local context and WordNet similarity for word sense identification","volume":"49","author":"Leacock Claudia","year":"1998","unstructured":"Claudia Leacock and Martin Chodorow. 1998. Combining local context and WordNet similarity for word sense identification. WordNet: An Electr. Lexic. Datab. 49, 2 (1998), 265\u2013283.","journal-title":"WordNet: An Electr. Lexic. Datab."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645527.657297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K19-1004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K19-1020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of semantic similarity measures in wordnet","volume":"6","author":"Meng Lingling","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lingling Meng, Runqing Huang, and Junzhong Gu. 2013. A review of semantic similarity measures in wordnet. Int. J. Hybr. Inf. Technol. 6, 1 (2013), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Int. J. Hybr. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690969108406936"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1075671.1075742"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"Saif Mohammad Iryna Gurevych Graeme Hirst and Torsten Zesch. 2007. Cross-lingual distributional profiles of concepts for measuring semantic distance. In Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL) . 571\u2013580."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324919000305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/312624.312656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/992730.992810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1625855.1625914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1460027.1460045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1072228.1072298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365628.365657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","article-title":"Robust cross-lingual embeddings from parallel sentences","author":"Sabet Ali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ali Sabet, Prakhar Gupta, Jean-Baptiste Cordonnier, Robert West, and Martin Jaggi. 2019. Robust cross-lingual embeddings from parallel sentences. arXiv:1912.12481. Retrieved from https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1912.12481.","journal-title":"arXiv:1912.12481"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-018-9438-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivan Vuli\u0107 Simon Baker Edoardo Maria Ponti Ulla Petti Ira Leviant Kelly Wing Olga Majewska Eden Bar Matt Malone Thierry Poibeau et\u00a0al. 2020. Multi-simLex: A large-scale evaluation of multilingual and crosslingual lexical semantic similarity. Computational Linguistics 46 4 (2020) 847\u2013897.","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00391"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT\u201913)","author":"Vulic Ivan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ivan Vulic and Marie-Francine Moens. 2013. Cross-lingual semantic similarity of words as the similarity of their semantic word responses. In Proceedings of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT\u201913). ACL, 106\u2013116."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3013558.3013583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Warschauer G. R. E. Said and A. G. Zohry. 2002. Language choice online: Globalization and identity in Egypt. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 7 4 (2002) JCMC744.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2002.tb00157.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/981732.981751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min Xiao and Yuhong Guo. 2014. Semi-supervised matrix completion for cross-lingual text classification. In Twenty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence . 1607\u20131614.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v28i1.8932"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3472618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3472618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:17:24Z","timestamp":1750191444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3472618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3472618"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3472618","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}