{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:23:06Z","timestamp":1783938186438,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":80,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3488932.3517394","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T04:23:26Z","timestamp":1653366206000},"page":"123-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Exploring Unfairness on Proof of Authority"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Qin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swinburne University of Technology & CSIRO, Data61, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rujia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology & University of Birmingham, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO, Data61, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/openethereum.github.io\/Proof-of-Authority-Chains","year":"2016","unstructured":"Proof-of-authority chains. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/openethereum.github.io\/Proof-of-Authority-Chains , 2016 . Proof-of-authority chains. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/openethereum.github.io\/Proof-of-Authority-Chains, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","volume-title":"Pbft vs proof-of-authority: Applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain","author":"Angelis Stefano De","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stefano De Angelis , Leonardo Aniello , Roberto Baldoni , Federico Lombardi , Andrea Margheri , and Vladimiro Sassone . Pbft vs proof-of-authority: Applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain . 2018 . Stefano De Angelis, Leonardo Aniello, Roberto Baldoni, Federico Lombardi, Andrea Margheri, and Vladimiro Sassone. Pbft vs proof-of-authority: Applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"Gavin Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gavin Wood et al . Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger . Ethereum Project Yellow Paper , 151 (2014): 1 - 32 , 2014 . Gavin Wood et al. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper, 151(2014):1-32, 2014.","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.parity.io\/","author":"Ethereum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethereum parity. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.parity.io\/ , 2021 . Ethereum parity. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.parity.io\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/geth.ethereum.org\/","author":"Ethereum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethereum geth. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/geth.ethereum.org\/ , 2021 . Ethereum geth. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/geth.ethereum.org\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/kovan-testnet.github.io\/website\/","author":"Kovan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kovan testnet. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/kovan-testnet.github.io\/website\/ , 2021 . Kovan testnet. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/kovan-testnet.github.io\/website\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA.2019.00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.vechain.org\/","author":"Vechain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vechain blockchain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.vechain.org\/ , 2021 . Vechain blockchain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.vechain.org\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/blockchain\/templates\/ethereum-poa-deployment","author":"Deploy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deploy ethereum proof-of-authority consortium solution template on azure. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/blockchain\/templates\/ethereum-poa-deployment , 2021 . Deploy ethereum proof-of-authority consortium solution template on azure. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/blockchain\/templates\/ethereum-poa-deployment, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3368483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ethereum\/EIPs\/issues\/225","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clique. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ethereum\/EIPs\/issues\/225 , 2021 . Clique. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ethereum\/EIPs\/issues\/225, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/binance-chain\/whitepaper\/blob\/master\/WHITEPAPER.md","author":"Binance","year":"2021","unstructured":"Binance smart chain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/binance-chain\/whitepaper\/blob\/master\/WHITEPAPER.md , 2021 . Binance smart chain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/binance-chain\/whitepaper\/blob\/master\/WHITEPAPER.md, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/apn\/launch-enterprise-ready-blockchain-networks-on-aws-in-minutes-with-kaleido-a-consensys-solution\/","author":"Launch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Launch enterprise-ready blockchain networks on aws in minutes with kaleido-a consensys solution. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/apn\/launch-enterprise-ready-blockchain-networks-on-aws-in-minutes-with-kaleido-a-consensys-solution\/ , 2021 . Launch enterprise-ready blockchain networks on aws in minutes with kaleido-a consensys solution. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/aws.amazon.com\/blogs\/apn\/launch-enterprise-ready-blockchain-networks-on-aws-in-minutes-with-kaleido-a-consensys-solution\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.poa.network\/","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poa. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.poa.network\/ , 2021 . Poa. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.poa.network\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Ethereum testnet. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.rinkeby.io\/\/#stats","author":"Rinkeby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rinkeby : Ethereum testnet. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.rinkeby.io\/\/#stats , 2021 . Rinkeby: Ethereum testnet. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.rinkeby.io\/\/#stats, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/quorum","author":"Quorum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Quorum github repository. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/quorum , 2021 . Quorum github repository. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/quorum, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/goerli.net\/","year":"2022","unstructured":"G.oerli network. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/goerli.net\/ , 2022 . G.oerli network. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/goerli.net\/, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/apla.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/concepts\/consensus.html","author":"Apla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Apla blockchain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/apla.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/concepts\/consensus.html , 2021 . Apla blockchain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/apla.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/concepts\/consensus.html, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/tree\/master\/consensus","author":"High","year":"2021","unstructured":"High performance blockchain (hpb) -- consensus. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/tree\/master\/consensus , 2021 . High performance blockchain (hpb) -- consensus. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/tree\/master\/consensus, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Accelerating bitcoin's transaction processing, fast money grows on trees, not chains. Cryptology ePrint Archive","author":"Sompolinsky Yonatan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar . Accelerating bitcoin's transaction processing, fast money grows on trees, not chains. Cryptology ePrint Archive , 2013 . Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. Accelerating bitcoin's transaction processing, fast money grows on trees, not chains. Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56877-1_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"Order-fair consensus in the permissionless setting. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch","author":"Kelkar Mahimna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahimna Kelkar , Soubhik Deb , and Sreeram Kannan . Order-fair consensus in the permissionless setting. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch ., 2021 :139, 2021. Mahimna Kelkar, Soubhik Deb, and Sreeram Kannan. Order-fair consensus in the permissionless setting. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., 2021:139, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","volume-title":"Ethereum is a dark forest","author":"Dan Robinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinson Dan and Konstantopoulos Georgios . Ethereum is a dark forest . 2021 . Robinson Dan and Konstantopoulos Georgios. Ethereum is a dark forest. 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ethereum\/go-ethereum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go","author":"Clique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clique in go-ethereum. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ethereum\/go-ethereum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go , 2021 . Clique in go-ethereum. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ethereum\/go-ethereum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/pull\/82\/","author":"HPB.","year":"2022","unstructured":"HPB. Pr report (hpb). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/pull\/82\/ , 2022 . HPB. Pr report (hpb). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/pull\/82\/, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/etclabscore\/core-geth\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go","author":"Consensus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Consensus in ethereum classic (etc). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/etclabscore\/core-geth\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go , 2021 . Consensus in ethereum classic (etc). https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/etclabscore\/core-geth\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/Olecoin\/olechain\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go","author":"Consensus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Consensus in olecoin. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/Olecoin\/olechain\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go , 2021 . Consensus in olecoin. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/Olecoin\/olechain\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2020.24082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Sok: Diving into dag-based blockchain systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.06128","author":"Wang Qin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Qin Wang , Jiangshan Yu , Shiping Chen , and Yang Xiang . Sok: Diving into dag-based blockchain systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.06128 , 2020 . Qin Wang, Jiangshan Yu, Shiping Chen, and Yang Xiang. Sok: Diving into dag-based blockchain systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.06128, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","first-page":"1343","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security)","author":"Torres Christof Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christof Ferreira Torres , Ramiro Camino , Frontrunner jones and the raiders of the dark forest: An empirical study of frontrunning on the ethereum blockchain . In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security) , pages 1343 -- 1359 , 2021 . Christof Ferreira Torres, Ramiro Camino, et al. Frontrunner jones and the raiders of the dark forest: An empirical study of frontrunning on the ethereum blockchain. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security), pages 1343--1359, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"The balance attack against proof-of-work blockchains: The r3 testbed as an example. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.09426","author":"Natoli Christopher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christopher Natoli and Vincent Gramoli . The balance attack against proof-of-work blockchains: The r3 testbed as an example. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.09426 , 2016 . Christopher Natoli and Vincent Gramoli. The balance attack against proof-of-work blockchains: The r3 testbed as an example. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.09426, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/quorum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go","author":"Clique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clique in consensys. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/quorum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go , 2021 . Clique in consensys. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ConsenSys\/quorum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/binance-chain\/whitepaper\/blob\/master\/WHITEPAPER.md#proof-of-staked-authority","author":"Posa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Posa in binance smart chain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/binance-chain\/whitepaper\/blob\/master\/WHITEPAPER.md#proof-of-staked-authority , 2021 . Posa in binance smart chain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/binance-chain\/whitepaper\/blob\/master\/WHITEPAPER.md#proof-of-staked-authority, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/maticnetwork\/bor\/tree\/master\/consensus\/clique","author":"Poa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poa in polygon(matic) chain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/maticnetwork\/bor\/tree\/master\/consensus\/clique , 2021 . Poa in polygon(matic) chain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/maticnetwork\/bor\/tree\/master\/consensus\/clique, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/openethereum\/openethereum\/blob\/main\/crates\/ethcore\/src\/engines\/clique\/mod.rs","author":"Clique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clique in openethereum. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/openethereum\/openethereum\/blob\/main\/crates\/ethcore\/src\/engines\/clique\/mod.rs , 2021 . Clique in openethereum. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/openethereum\/openethereum\/blob\/main\/crates\/ethcore\/src\/engines\/clique\/mod.rs, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/poanetwork\/openethereum\/blob\/main\/ethcore\/src\/engines\/clique\/mod.rs","author":"Poa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Poa network. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/poanetwork\/openethereum\/blob\/main\/ethcore\/src\/engines\/clique\/mod.rs , 2021 . Poa network. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/poanetwork\/openethereum\/blob\/main\/ethcore\/src\/engines\/clique\/mod.rs, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/gochain-io\/go-ethereum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go","author":"Clique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clique in gochain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/gochain-io\/go-ethereum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go , 2021 . Clique in gochain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/gochain-io\/go-ethereum\/blob\/master\/consensus\/clique\/clique.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ivoras\/daisy\/blob\/18f27b8469b8684f19dff59dc39c5457e45e4fd2\/blockchain.go#L206","author":"Consensus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Consensus in daisy. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ivoras\/daisy\/blob\/18f27b8469b8684f19dff59dc39c5457e45e4fd2\/blockchain.go#L206 , 2021 . Consensus in daisy. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/ivoras\/daisy\/blob\/18f27b8469b8684f19dff59dc39c5457e45e4fd2\/blockchain.go#L206, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/cex.ethereum-express.com\/files\/whitepaper.pdf","author":"Proposals","year":"2021","unstructured":"Proposals in exx. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/cex.ethereum-express.com\/files\/whitepaper.pdf , 2021 . Proposals in exx. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/cex.ethereum-express.com\/files\/whitepaper.pdf, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/blob\/master\/consensus\/prometheus\/chain_verification.go","author":"Clique","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clique in hpb. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/blob\/master\/consensus\/prometheus\/chain_verification.go , 2021 . Clique in hpb. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/blob\/master\/consensus\/prometheus\/chain_verification.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/AplaProject\/go-apla\/blob\/8e17a21423289ea4aeb0d9021cfb46e283acf217\/packages\/block\/block.go","author":"Confirmation","year":"2021","unstructured":"Confirmation procedures in aplaproject. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/AplaProject\/go-apla\/blob\/8e17a21423289ea4aeb0d9021cfb46e283acf217\/packages\/block\/block.go , 2021 . Confirmation procedures in aplaproject. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/AplaProject\/go-apla\/blob\/8e17a21423289ea4aeb0d9021cfb46e283acf217\/packages\/block\/block.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/tomochain\/tomochain\/blob\/722d85a8318ba4fcfaffd91d9855acb29217ecaa\/consensus\/posv\/posv.go#L746","author":"Consensus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Consensus in tomochain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/tomochain\/tomochain\/blob\/722d85a8318ba4fcfaffd91d9855acb29217ecaa\/consensus\/posv\/posv.go#L746 , 2021 . Consensus in tomochain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/tomochain\/tomochain\/blob\/722d85a8318ba4fcfaffd91d9855acb29217ecaa\/consensus\/posv\/posv.go#L746, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/vechain\/thor\/blob\/master\/consensus\/validator.go","author":"Validation","year":"2021","unstructured":"Validation procedures in vechain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/vechain\/thor\/blob\/master\/consensus\/validator.go , 2021 . Validation procedures in vechain. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/vechain\/thor\/blob\/master\/consensus\/validator.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/kovan-testnet\/proposal","author":"Proposals","year":"2021","unstructured":"Proposals in kovan. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/kovan-testnet\/proposal , 2021 . Proposals in kovan. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/kovan-testnet\/proposal, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-64322-8_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Non-fungible token (nft): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447","author":"Wang Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin Wang , Rujia Li , Qi Wang , and Shiping Chen . Non-fungible token (nft): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447 , 2021 . Qin Wang, Rujia Li, Qi Wang, and Shiping Chen. Non-fungible token (nft): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/pancakeswap.finance\/","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pancakeswap. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/pancakeswap.finance\/ , 2021 . Pancakeswap. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/pancakeswap.finance\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419614.3423254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Mistake sees $69,000 cryptopunk sold for less than a cent. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.theblockcrypto.com\/post\/113546\/mistake-sees-69000-cryptopunk-sold-for-less-than-a-cent","author":"Tim Copeland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Copeland Tim . Mistake sees $69,000 cryptopunk sold for less than a cent. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.theblockcrypto.com\/post\/113546\/mistake-sees-69000-cryptopunk-sold-for-less-than-a-cent , 2022 . Copeland Tim. Mistake sees $69,000 cryptopunk sold for less than a cent. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.theblockcrypto.com\/post\/113546\/mistake-sees-69000-cryptopunk-sold-for-less-than-a-cent, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/blob\/master\/consensus\/prometheus\/chain_generation.go","author":"Chain","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chain generation process in hpb. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/blob\/master\/consensus\/prometheus\/chain_generation.go , 2021 . Chain generation process in hpb. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/go-hpb\/blob\/master\/consensus\/prometheus\/chain_generation.go, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/hardware-random-number-case","author":"High","year":"2021","unstructured":"High performance blockchain (hpb) -- hardware generated random number. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/hardware-random-number-case , 2021 . High performance blockchain (hpb) -- hardware generated random number. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/github.com\/hpb-project\/hardware-random-number-case, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2017.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS53918.2021.00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/795665.796482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_59_1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Third USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)","author":"Miguel Castro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Castro Miguel and Liskov Barbara . Practical byzantine fault tolerance . In Proceedings of the Third USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI) , pages 173 -- 186 , 1999 . Castro Miguel and Liskov Barbara. Practical byzantine fault tolerance. In Proceedings of the Third USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pages 173--186, 1999."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_60_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review, page 21260","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto . Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review, page 21260 , 2008 . Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Decentralized Business Review, page 21260, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_61_1","volume-title":"Lecture 16: Bridging bft protocols with the longest chain protocol. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/courses.grainger.illinois.edu\/ece598pv\/sp2021\/lectureslides2021\/ECE_598_PV_course_notes16_v2.pdf","author":"Pramod Viswanath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Viswanath Pramod . Lecture 16: Bridging bft protocols with the longest chain protocol. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/courses.grainger.illinois.edu\/ece598pv\/sp2021\/lectureslides2021\/ECE_598_PV_course_notes16_v2.pdf , 2021 . Viswanath Pramod. Lecture 16: Bridging bft protocols with the longest chain protocol. https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/courses.grainger.illinois.edu\/ece598pv\/sp2021\/lectureslides2021\/ECE_598_PV_course_notes16_v2.pdf, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51280-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_64_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT)","author":"Pass Rafael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi . Thunderella : Blockchains with optimistic instant confirmation . In Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT) , pages 3 -- 33 . Springer , 2018 . Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. Thunderella: Blockchains with optimistic instant confirmation. In Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques (EUROCRYPT), pages 3--33. Springer, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_65_1","volume-title":"Maria Potop-Butucaru, and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. Correctness and fairness of tendermint-core blockchains. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.08429","author":"Amoussou-Guenou Yackolley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou , Antonella Del Pozzo , Maria Potop-Butucaru, and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. Correctness and fairness of tendermint-core blockchains. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.08429 , 2018 . Yackolley Amoussou-Guenou, Antonella Del Pozzo, Maria Potop-Butucaru, and Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni. Correctness and fairness of tendermint-core blockchains. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.08429, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSF.2019.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberC.2019.00046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC51069.2021.9461085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3011876"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3064033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSESS.2017.8342866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3087801.3087809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_74_1","first-page":"1409","volume-title":"26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security)","author":"Luu Loi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loi Luu , Yaron Velner , Jason Teutsch , and Prateek Saxena . Smartpool : Practical decentralized pooled mining . In 26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security) , pages 1409 -- 1426 , 2017 . Loi Luu, Yaron Velner, Jason Teutsch, and Prateek Saxena. Smartpool: Practical decentralized pooled mining. In 26th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security), pages 1409--1426, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813621"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNP.2018.00016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_78_1","first-page":"585","volume-title":"ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS)","author":"Vivek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vivek Bagaria et al. Prism: Deconstructing the blockchain to approach physical limits . In ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) , pages 585 -- 602 , 2019 . Vivek Bagaria et al. Prism: Deconstructing the blockchain to approach physical limits. In ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), pages 585--602, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_79_1","volume-title":"The tangle. White paper, 1(3)","author":"Popov Serguei","year":"2018","unstructured":"Serguei Popov . The tangle. White paper, 1(3) , 2018 . Serguei Popov. The tangle. White paper, 1(3), 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488725"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"}],"event":{"name":"ASIA CCS '22: ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Nagasaki Japan","acronym":"ASIA CCS '22","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2022 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3488932.3517394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3488932.3517394","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:48:29Z","timestamp":1750193309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3488932.3517394"}},"subtitle":["Order Manipulation Attacks and Remedies"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3488932.3517394","10.1145\/3488932"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3488932.3517394","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}