{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T10:04:52Z","timestamp":1764842692297,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Industry-University-Research Innovation Fund of Chinese University by Ali Cloud Special Project","award":["2021ALA03006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ALA03006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61971131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Nowadays, the flourish of the internet of things incurs a great demand for progressive technologies to prolong the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks. Exploiting a fleet of Mobile Chargers (MCs) to replenish the energy-critical sensor nodes provides a new dimension to maintain long-term network operations, but may suffer from high charging delay due to MC\u2019s limited mobility. Most existing studies focus on the reduction of server-oriented delay, i.e., the overall time taken by MCs (servers) to carry out sensor charging and travel inside the sensing field. However, these solutions may not be robust enough as some energy-critical sensor nodes will run out of the stored energy before the charger\u2019s arrival. In this article, we address this challenge by reducing the client-oriented delay\u2014referred to as the\n            <jats:italic>wait-for delay<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2014which is defined as the \u201carrival times\u201d at the to-be-charged sensor nodes (clients). To this end, we first formulate a novel wait-for charging delay minimization problem under the multi-node energy charging scheme. We then prove the NP-hardness of the proposed problem. Inspired by empirical observations, we devise an efficient approximation algorithm with a provable approximation ratio for the problem. We have evaluated the proposed algorithm using real-life system settings. The experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm certainly performs better than the existing benchmarks; it could reduce the wait-for delay by up to 87.4 percent.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3579093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T12:05:46Z","timestamp":1673957146000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Toward the Minimal Wait-for Delay for Rechargeable WSNs with Multiple Mobile Chargers"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3052-3828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Key Lab of CNII, MOE, Southeast University, Purple Mountain Laboratories for Network and Communication Security, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9965-0086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-0411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dikai","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2018.2856893"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"754","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA\u201900)","author":"Arora S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"S. Arora and G. Karakostas. 2000. A 2 + epsilon approximation algorithm for the k-MST problem. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA\u201900). 754\u2013759."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"The minimum latency problem","author":"Blum A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"A. Blum, P. Chalasani, D. Coppersmith, B. Pulleyblank, P. Raghavan, and M. Sudan. 1994. The minimum latency problem. In Proceedings of the Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC\u201994) (1994), 163\u2013171.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC\u201994)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3093155","article-title":"Edge server placement for vehicular ad-hoc networks in metropolitans","volume":"9","author":"Chang L.","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Chang, X. Deng, J. Pan, and Y. Zhang. 2021. Edge server placement for vehicular ad-hoc networks in metropolitans. IEEE Internet Things J. 9, 2 (2021), 1575\u20131590.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Chargespot. 2015. Chargespot Technology. Retrieved from https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.chargespot.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1006005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2018.2793949"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2786463"},{"issue":"15","key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2014.03.001","article-title":"Minimizing the number of mobile chargers for large-scale wireless rechargeable sensor networks","volume":"46","author":"Dai H.","year":"2014","unstructured":"H. Dai, X. Wu, G. Chen, L. Xu, and S. Lin. 2014. Minimizing the number of mobile chargers for large-scale wireless rechargeable sensor networks. Comput. Commun. 46, 15 (2014), 54\u201365.","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1701-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2872380"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"2922","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM\u201913)","author":"Fu L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"L. Fu, P. Cheng, Y. Gu, J. Chen, and T. He. 2013. Minimizing charging delay in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM\u201913). 2922\u20132930."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2391119"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2368557"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.161"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jagm.1995.1029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1143254"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3284651","article-title":"Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices","volume":"96","author":"Kurs A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"A. Kurs, R. Moffatt, and M. Soljacic. 2010. Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 4 (2010), 34.","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875244"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2723605"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","first-page":"624","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS\u201919)","author":"Lin C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Lin, C. Guo, H. Dai, L. Wang, and G. Wu. 2019. Near optimal charging scheduling for 3D wireless rechargeable sensor networks with energy constraints. In Proceedings of the 39th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS\u201919). 624\u2013633."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM\u201918)","author":"Lin C.","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Lin, Z. Wang, J. Deng, L. Wang, J. Ren, and G. Wu. 2018. mTS: Temporal-and spatial-collaborative charging for wireless rechargeable sensor networks with multiple vehicles. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM\u201918). IEEE, 99\u2013107."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2021.3095280"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600587CM"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2772318","article-title":"Energy-efficient mobile charging for wireless power transfer in internet of things networks","volume":"5","author":"Na W.","year":"2018","unstructured":"W. Na, J. Park, C. Lee, K. Park, J. Kim, and S. Cho. 2018. Energy-efficient mobile charging for wireless power transfer in internet of things networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 5, 1 (2018), 79\u201392.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","unstructured":"Powermat. 2017. Powermat Technology. Retrieved from https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.powermat.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"546","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA\u201994)","author":"Ravi R.","year":"1994","unstructured":"R. Ravi, R. Sundaram, M. V. Marathe, D. J. Rosenkrantz, and S. S. Ravi. 1994. Spanning trees short or small. In Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA\u201994). 546\u2013555."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2017.2668990"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2961659"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","first-page":"438","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS\u201910)","author":"Tong B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"B. Tong, Z. Li, G. Wang, and W. Zhang. 2010. How wireless power charging technology affects sensor network deployment and routing. In Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS\u201910). 438\u2013447."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2732979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3019451"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2014.2303979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.2973979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2496971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2650979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM\u201911)","author":"Yi S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Yi, L. Xie, Y. T. Hou, and H. D. Sherali. 2011. On renewable sensor networks with wireless energy transfer. In Proceedings of the 30th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM\u201911)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An improved algorithm for dispatching the minimum number of electric charging vehicles for wireless sensor networks","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Q. Zhang, W. Xu, W. Liang, J. Peng, T. Liu, and W. Tian. 2018. An improved algorithm for dispatching the minimum number of electric charging vehicles for wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Netw. (2018), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2015.2490162"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2641446"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2771425"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3579093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3579093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T16:38:05Z","timestamp":1750178285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3579093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3579093"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3579093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1550-4859"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1550-4867"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}