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Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Handwriting recognition systems have greatly enhanced AIoT applications, especially in human-computer interaction. Wireless-based methods, favored for their non-invasive nature and ease of deployment, are becoming more common. However, existing works, which typically depend on the user\u2019s position, often perform poorly in varied writing positions. Additionally, they do not incorporate user identity information, which could lead to security vulnerabilities by failing to reject unauthorized users. To address these issues, this article introduces\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">RF-Eye<\/jats:italic>\n            , a system that enables contactless, position-independent handwriting recognition and user identification without prior training. Its innovative approach uses each Radio-frequency identification\u00a0(RFID) tag as a unique viewpoint for observing hand movements and employs pairs of tags to track directional changes. Specifically, building upon the signal transmission model and the Fresnel Zone, we propose a novel feature,\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DCG<\/jats:italic>\n            , to capture changes in gesture direction and confirm its consistency across different positions. Based on\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">DCG<\/jats:italic>\n            , we develop unique patterns for common handwriting symbols that enhance our recognition algorithm. Moreover, to strengthen the system security, we link these patterns with distinct handwriting styles through the extraction of finer-grained features, thus, preventing the misuse of the system by unauthorized users. Extensive experiments demonstrate\n            <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">RF-Eye<\/jats:italic>\n            \u2019s efficacy, which achieves recognition accuracies of 93.5%, 95.2%, and 95.8% for 26 lowercase letters, 10 digits, and 10 graphic symbols, respectively, and identifying unauthorized users with 98.6% accuracy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3737701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T05:26:32Z","timestamp":1748409992000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["RF-Eye: Commodity RFID Can Know What You Write and Who You Are Wherever You Are"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanhao","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-2812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7159-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electro-Communications","place":["Chofu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0413-6135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Space and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei University of Technology","place":["Hefei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2529-8021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fusang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inspur Computing Technology Pty Ltd. and Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyue","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3592-4153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University","place":["New Haven, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-3451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mianxiong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Electronic Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology","place":["Muroran, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0537-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Electro-Communications","place":["Chofu, Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6635","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/20\/008","article-title":"Mapping of low flip angles in magnetic resonance","volume":"56","author":"Balezeau Fabien","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fabien Balezeau, Pierre-Antoine Eliat, Alejandro Bordelois Cayamo, and Herv\u00e9 Saint-Jalmes. 2011. 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