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Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Using data mining to extract frequent code patterns for bug detection has proven effective. However, prior studies have overlooked the prevalence of infrequent (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">rare<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) patterns, even though violations of such patterns can also lead to bugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this paper, we present LTMiner, which mines rare patterns from large-scale projects and detects potential bugs by checking for violations of these patterns. In practice, rare patterns far outnumber frequent ones and lack strong statistical support. Consequently, we face a pattern explosion, and many rare patterns and their violations are uninteresting. LTMiner addresses this by using instance-based ranking and filtering to prioritize violations of rare patterns. It further employs a large language model (LLM) as a domain expert to audit top-ranked violations; mined information supports in-context learning, and task decomposition and self-reflection mitigate possible hallucinations. This pipeline effectively curbs pattern explosion and false positives, uncovering previously unknown bugs in large-scale projects at an acceptable cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Applied to Linux kernel 6.12.1, LTMiner identified 42 previously unknown bugs, 27 of which have been confirmed by developers. These results indicate that, although rare-pattern bugs are sparse, a considerable number remain and exhibit a non-negligible long tail. We believe that rare-pattern bugs constitute a promising blue ocean for bug detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3797071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T17:06:14Z","timestamp":1782839174000},"page":"943-966","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mining Long Tail Bugs: Identifying Rare and Overlooked Issues in Code"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9383-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wentao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1823-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyue","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-2179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinghao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong University, Jinan, China"},{"name":"Quan Cheng Laboratory, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9968-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haotian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5561-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingzheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1287624.1287630"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022689900470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"2025","volume-title":"30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21)","author":"Ahmadi Mansour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mansour Ahmadi, Reza Mirzazade Farkhani, Ryan Williams, and Long Lu. 2021. 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