{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T04:54:33Z","timestamp":1750308873548,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"108","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1989,4,1]],"date-time":"1989-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":607392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIGART Bull."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper a paradigm for knowledge acquisition is presented. The paradigm, referred to as Multiexpert Knowledge System (MKS), is based on the philosophy that many decision problems which are candidate expert system applications do not rely on just a single expert for advice but utilize the expertise of many, sometimes conflicting, knowledge sources. Because of the potential for conflict between sources, the contemporary approach to building multiple expert or multiexpert knowledge systems has been to eliminate conflict prior to building the knowledge base. The MKS paradigm accommodates multiple, potentially conflicting experts and uses their expertise in the formulation of new knowledge (rules). These new rules are tested using sequential analysis and organized into a knowledge base by means of an entropy reduction program. Together the MKS paradigm, sequential analysis and entropy reduction are components in the design of an 'interactive' learning expert system which behaves as a 'virtual' expert learning and unlearning new knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/63266.63271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,17]],"date-time":"2007-01-17T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1169058722000},"page":"34-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interactive learning: a multiexpert paradigm for acquiring new knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Steven R.","family":"LeClair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","first-page":"17","volume":"1","author":"Asenjo F. G.","year":"1975","unstructured":"F. G. Asenjo &amp;amp; J. Tamburino , Logic of Antinomies , Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic , University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame , Indiana, XVI , 1 , 17 - 44 , ( January 1975 ). F. G. Asenjo &amp;amp; J. Tamburino, Logic of Antinomies, Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, XVI, 1, 17-44, (January 1975).","journal-title":"Indiana, XVI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, ed., Gilbert Ryle","author":"Belnap N. D.","year":"1977","unstructured":"N. D. Belnap , How A Computer Should Think , Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, ed., Gilbert Ryle , Oriel Press , 30-56, ( 1977 ). N. D. Belnap, How A Computer Should Think, Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, ed., Gilbert Ryle, Oriel Press, 30-56, (1977)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(85)90052-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0007737","volume-title":"Learning Systems: Decision, Simulation and Control","author":"El-Fattah Y. M.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Y. M. El-Fattah , &amp;amp; C. Foulard , Learning Systems: Decision, Simulation and Control , Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences , Springer-Verlag , New York , 1-10, ( 1978 ). Y. M. El-Fattah, &amp;amp; C. Foulard, Learning Systems: Decision, Simulation and Control, Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1-10, (1978)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1985.6313421"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Expert systems: Limited but Powerful","author":"Gevarter W. B.","year":"1983","unstructured":"W. B. Gevarter , Expert systems: Limited but Powerful . IEEE Spectrum , 39-44, ( August 1983 ). W. B. Gevarter, Expert systems: Limited but Powerful. IEEE Spectrum, 39-44, (August 1983)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"Michalski R. S.","year":"1983","unstructured":"R. S. Michalski , J. G. Carbonell , T. M. Mitchell , Machine Learning , Palo Alto, CA : Tioga Publishing Co. , ( 1983 ). R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell, T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, Palo Alto, CA: Tioga Publishing Co., (1983)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume":"26","author":"Prerau D. S.","year":"1985","unstructured":"D. S. Prerau , Selection of an Appropriate Domain for an Expert System , The AI Magazine , 26-30 , (Summer, 1985 ). D. S. Prerau, Selection of an Appropriate Domain for an Expert System, The AI Magazine, 26-30, (Summer, 1985).","journal-title":"The AI Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Karlsruhe, West Germany, 145-150","author":"Reboh R.","year":"1983","unstructured":"R. Reboh , Extracting Useful Advice from Conflicting Expertise , Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Karlsruhe, West Germany, 145-150 , ( August , 1983 ). R. Reboh, Extracting Useful Advice from Conflicting Expertise, Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Karlsruhe, West Germany, 145-150, (August, 1983)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"35","volume":"5","author":"Sage A. P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"A. P. Sage , &amp;amp; R. F. Botta , On Human Information Processing and Its Enhancement Using Knowledge-based systems , Large Scale Systems , 5 , 35 - 50 , ( 1983 ). A. P. Sage, &amp;amp; R. F. Botta, On Human Information Processing and Its Enhancement Using Knowledge-based systems, Large Scale Systems, 5, 35-50, (1983).","journal-title":"Large Scale Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"658","volume-title":"Knowledge Representation and Interpretation in Decision Support Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Society","author":"Sage A. P.","year":"1982","unstructured":"A. P. Sage , &amp;amp; A. Lagomasino , Knowledge Representation and Interpretation in Decision Support Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Society , 658 - 662 , ( 1982 ). A. P. Sage, &amp;amp; A. Lagomasino, Knowledge Representation and Interpretation in Decision Support Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Cybernetics and Society, 658-662, (1982)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Communication","author":"Shannon C. E.","year":"1949","unstructured":"C. E. Shannon &amp;amp; W. Weaver , The Mathematical Theory of Communication , University of Illinois Press , Urbana, Illinois , 1949 . C. E. Shannon &amp;amp; W. Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1949."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1986.289277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Sequential Analysis","author":"Wald A.","year":"1966","unstructured":"A. Wald , Sequential Analysis , Wiley Publications in Statistics., New York : Wiley and Sons , ( 1966 ). A. Wald, Sequential Analysis, Wiley Publications in Statistics., New York: Wiley and Sons, (1966)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(78)90029-5"}],"container-title":["ACM SIGART Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/63266.63271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/63266.63271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T21:15:16Z","timestamp":1750281316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/63266.63271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"108","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/63266.63271"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1145\/63266.63271","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-5719"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0163-5719"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1989-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}