{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:00:21Z","timestamp":1783162821242,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Several studies have shown that the motor system is involved in action perception, suggesting that action concepts are represented through sensory\u2013motor processes. Such conclusions imply that motor system impairments should diminish action perception. To test this hypothesis, a group of 10 brain-damaged patients with hemiplegia (specifically, a lesion at the motor system that affected the contralesional arm) viewed point-light displays of arm gestures and attempted to name each gesture. To create the dynamic stimuli, patients individually performed simple gestures with their unaffected arm while being videotaped. The videotapes were converted into point-light animations. Each action was presented as it had been performed, that is, as having been produced by the observer's unaffected arm, and in its mirror reversed orientation, that is, as having been produced by the observer's hemiplegic arm. Action recognition accuracy by patients with hemiplegia was compared with that by 8 brain-damaged patients without any motor deficit and by 10 healthy controls. Overall, performance was better in control observers than in patients. Most importantly, performance by hemiplegic patients, but not by nonhemiplegic patients and controls, varied systematically as a function of the observed limb. Action recognition was best when hemiplegic patients viewed actions that appeared to have been performed by their unaffected arm. Action recognition performance dropped significantly when hemiplegic patients viewed actions that appeared to have been produced with their hemiplegic arm or the corresponding arm of another person. The results of a control study involving the recognition of point-light defined animals in motion indicate that a generic deficit to visual and cognitive functions cannot account for this laterality-specific deficit in action recognition. Taken together, these results suggest that motor cortex impairment decreases visual sensitivity to human action. Specifically, when a cortical lesion renders an observer incapable of performing an observed action, action perception is compromised, possibly by a failure to map the observed action onto the observer's contralesional hemisoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,20]],"date-time":"2009-03-20T18:20:03Z","timestamp":1237573203000},"page":"413-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Lesions to the Motor System Affect Action Perception"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Serino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"2CsrNC, Centro di studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"De Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2CsrNC, Centro di studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Casavecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2CsrNC, Centro di studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Coccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Clinica di Neuroriabilitazione, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Lancisi-Salesi-Umberto I, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Shiffrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Rutgers University, Newark, NJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"L\u00e0davas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"2CsrNC, Centro di studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Polo Scientifico-Didattico di Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072900371199500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(03)00182-9","article-title":"Perception of biological motion in parietal patients.","volume":"41","author":"Battelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1068\/p270225","article-title":"Independence of contour and biological-motion cues for motion-defined animal shapes.","volume":"27","author":"Bellefeuille","year":"1998","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190152","article-title":"Perception of human motion.","volume":"58","author":"Blake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1535","article-title":"Inferring another's expectation from action: The role of peripheral sensation.","volume":"8","author":"Bosbach","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904322755601","article-title":"Neural circuits involved in the recognition of actions performed by nonconspecifics: An fMRI study.","volume":"16","author":"Buccino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.05.014","article-title":"On beyond mirror neurons: Internal representations subserving imitation and recognition of skilled object-related actions in humans.","volume":"25","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Research, Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi007","article-title":"Action observation and acquired motor skills: An fMRI study with expert dancers.","volume":"15","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.065","article-title":"Seeing or doing? Influence of visual and motor familiarity in action observation.","volume":"16","author":"Calvo-Merino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.10.071","article-title":"Nonvisual motor training influences biological motion perception.","volume":"16","author":"Casile","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.7.576","article-title":"Assessing motor impairment after stroke: A pilot reliability study.","volume":"53","author":"Collin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0646-9","article-title":"Kinematic cues and recognition of self-generated actions.","volume":"177","author":"Daprati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2006.03.001","article-title":"Knowledge of one's kinematics improves perceptual discrimination.","volume":"16","author":"Daprati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Consciousness and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500500036003","article-title":"Imitating gestures: A quantitative approach to ideomotor apraxia.","volume":"37","author":"De Renzi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199107000-00005","article-title":"CT and MR evaluation of pericardial and retrosternal adhesions after cardiac surgery.","volume":"15","author":"Duvernoy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician.","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-005-2255-4","article-title":"Hand movement observation by individuals born without hands: Phantom limb experience constrains visual limb perception.","volume":"164","author":"Funk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.2002","article-title":"Before and below \u201ctheory of mind\u201d: Embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition.","volume":"362","author":"Gallese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01262-5","article-title":"Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading.","volume":"2","author":"Gallese","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R20","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Bells test: A quantitative and qualitative test for visual neglect.","volume":"11","author":"Gauthier","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.03.007","article-title":"Your own action influences how you perceive another person's action.","volume":"14","author":"Hamilton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2024","article-title":"The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction.","volume":"7","author":"Iacoboni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R23","first-page":"157","article-title":"Walking perception by walking observers.","volume":"31","author":"Jacobs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212378","article-title":"Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis.","volume":"14","author":"Johansson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R25","first-page":"210","article-title":"Recognizing people from their movement.","volume":"31","author":"Loula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2008.03.004","article-title":"A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content.","volume":"102","author":"Mahon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology (Paris)"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190143","article-title":"The representation of object concepts in the brain.","volume":"58","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(03)00151-X","article-title":"Visual perception in children: Human, animal and virtual movement activates different cortical areas.","volume":"51","author":"Martineau","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1068\/p220759","article-title":"Recognition of animal locomotion from dynamic point-light displays.","volume":"22","author":"Mather","year":"1993","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg062","article-title":"Perception and production of biological movement in patients with early periventricular brain lesions.","volume":"126","author":"Pavlova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.09.061","article-title":"The sound of actions in apraxia.","volume":"18","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5748-07.2008","article-title":"Neural underpinnings of gesture discrimination in patients with limb apraxia.","volume":"28","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R46","first-page":"334","article-title":"The psychological reality of the body schema: A test with normal participants.","volume":"21","author":"Reed","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144230","article-title":"The mirror-neuron system.","volume":"27","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00308-2","article-title":"Motor and cognitive functions of the ventral premotor cortex.","volume":"12","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/421719","article-title":"Stereotaxic display of brain lesions.","volume":"12","author":"Rorden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm162","article-title":"Superior temporal and premotor brain areas necessary for biological motion perception.","volume":"130","author":"Saygin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6181","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0504-04.2004","article-title":"Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex.","volume":"24","author":"Saygin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.06.005","article-title":"Perceptual resonance: Action-induced modulation of perception.","volume":"11","author":"Schutz-Bosbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1068\/p130283","article-title":"Upside-down presentation of the Johansson moving light-spot pattern.","volume":"13","author":"Sumi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193523","article-title":"Person identification from biological motion: Effects of structural and kinematic cues.","volume":"67","author":"Troje","year":"2005","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978","article-title":"Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain.","volume":"15","author":"Tzourio-Mazoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.06.007","article-title":"Recognition of point-light biological motion: Mu rhythms and mirror neuron activity.","volume":"183","author":"Ulloa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16947","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407668101","article-title":"Perceptual deficits in patients with impaired recognition of biological motion after temporal lobe lesions.","volume":"101","author":"Vaina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A."},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.3.460","article-title":"The case for motor involvement in perceiving conspecifics.","volume":"131","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072900371199500_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2002.1238","article-title":"A unifying computational framework for motor control and social interaction.","volume":"358","author":"Wolpert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/22\/3\/413\/1938542\/jocn.2009.21206.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/22\/3\/413\/1938542\/jocn.2009.21206.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:39:29Z","timestamp":1627519169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/22\/3\/413\/4815\/Lesions-to-the-Motor-System-Affect-Action"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2009.21206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,1]]}}}