{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:43:47Z","timestamp":1785908627823,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>An important aspect of cognitive control is the ability to respond with restraint. Here, we modeled this experimentally by measuring the degree of response slowing that occurs when people respond to an imperative stimulus in a context where they might suddenly need to stop the initiated response compared with a context in which they do not need to stop. We refer to the RT slowing that occurs as the \u201cresponse delay effect.\u201d We conjectured that this response delay effect could relate to one or more neurocognitive mechanism(s): partial response suppression (i.e., \u201cactive braking\u201d), prolonged decision time, and slower response facilitation. These accounts make different predictions about motor system excitability and brain activation. To test which neurocognitive mechanisms underlie the response delay effect, we performed two studies with TMS and we reanalyzed fMRI data. The results suggest that the response delay effect is at least partly explained by active braking, possibly involving a mechanism that is similar to that used to stop responses completely. These results further our understanding of how people respond with restraint by pointing to proactive recruitment of a neurocognitive mechanism heretofore associated with outright stopping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,7]],"date-time":"2009-07-07T13:45:05Z","timestamp":1246974305000},"page":"1479-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["Responding with Restraint: What Are the Neurocognitive Mechanisms?"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Jahfari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Diego"},{"name":"2University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy M.","family":"Stinear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University of Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Claffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Verbruggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Ghent University, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam R.","family":"Aron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072900393120200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007","article-title":"Triangulating a cognitive control network using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI.","volume":"27","author":"Aron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of 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E., \n            \n              Hoogendam, R., \n            \n              Kahn, S., & \n            \n              Vink, M.\n           (2008). Brain regions involved in response inhibition are also activated during anticipation of inhibition. 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