{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:45:39Z","timestamp":1778319939170,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MIT Press - Journals","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["direct.mit.edu"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Verbal working memory (VWM), the ability to maintain and manipulate representations of speech sounds over short periods, is held by some influential models to be independent from the systems responsible for language production and comprehension [e.g., Baddeley, A. D. Working memory, thought, and action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007]. We explore the alternative hypothesis that maintenance in VWM is subserved by temporary activation of the language production system [Acheson, D. J., &amp; MacDonald, M. C. Verbal working memory and language production: Common approaches to the serial ordering of verbal information. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 50\u201368, 2009b]. Specifically, we hypothesized that for stimuli lacking a semantic representation (e.g., nonwords such as mun), maintenance in VWM can be achieved by cycling information back and forth between the stages of phonological encoding and articulatory planning. First, fMRI was used to identify regions associated with two different stages of language production planning: the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) for phonological encoding (critical for VWM of nonwords) and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) for lexical\u2013semantic retrieval (not critical for VWM of nonwords). Next, in the same subjects, these regions were targeted with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) during language production and VWM task performance. Results showed that rTMS to the pSTG, but not the MTG, increased error rates on paced reading (a language production task) and on delayed serial recall of nonwords (a test of VWM). Performance on a lexical\u2013semantic retrieval task (picture naming), in contrast, was significantly sensitive to rTMS of the MTG. Because rTMS was guided by language production-related activity, these results provide the first causal evidence that maintenance in VWM directly depends on the long-term representations and processes used in speech production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,9]],"date-time":"2010-07-09T13:54:01Z","timestamp":1278683641000},"page":"1358-1367","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1162\/mitpressjournals.corrections.policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["A Common Neural Substrate for Language Production and Verbal Working Memory"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Acheson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massihullah","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Medical College of Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley R.","family":"Postle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Wisconsin-Madison"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"281","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072900542692300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2008.12.002","article-title":"Twisting tongues and memories: Explorations into the relationship between language production and verbal working memory.","volume":"60","author":"Acheson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014411","article-title":"Verbal working memory and language production: Common approaches to the serial ordering of verbal information.","volume":"135","author":"Acheson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60422-3","article-title":"Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes.","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation: II","author":"Atkinson","year":"1968"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01593-X","article-title":"Overlapping mechanisms of attention and spatial working memory.","volume":"5","author":"Awh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198528012.001.0001","volume-title":"Working memory, thought, and action.","author":"Baddeley","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193014","article-title":"The English Lexicon project.","volume":"39","author":"Balota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? A critical review and meta-analysis of 120 functional neuroimaging studies.","volume":"19","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R8","first-page":"341","article-title":"Praat, a system for doing phonetic by computer.","volume":"5","author":"Boersma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glot International"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20501","article-title":"The search for the phonological store: From loop to convolution.","volume":"20","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301069.001.0001","volume-title":"Rhythms of the brain.","author":"Buzsaki","year":"2006"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.11.1003","article-title":"Dissociation of verbal working memory system components using a delayed serial recall task.","volume":"11","author":"Chein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R12","volume-title":"Attention and memory: An integrated framework.","author":"Cowan","year":"1995"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014","article-title":"AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages.","volume":"29","author":"Cox","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337216","article-title":"The locus of the lexicality effect in short-term memory for phonologically identical lists.","volume":"7","author":"Crowder","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.93.3.283","article-title":"A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production.","volume":"93","author":"Dell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00160-3","article-title":"Verbal working memory components can be selectively influenced by transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy.","volume":"34","author":"Duzel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.12.029","article-title":"Localization of load sensitivity of working memory storage: Quantitatively and qualitatively discrepant results yielded by single-subject and group-averaged approaches to fMRI group analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Feredoes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11003","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1573-07.2007","article-title":"The neural basis of the short-term storage of verbal information are anatomically variable across individuals.","volume":"27","author":"Feredoes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199405000-00034","article-title":"Induction of a recall deficity by rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"5","author":"Grafman","year":"1994","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20113","article-title":"Left posterior superior temporal gyrus participates specifically in accessing lexical phonology.","volume":"20","author":"Graves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R21","volume-title":"The organization of behavior.","author":"Hebb","year":"1949"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(02)00284-7","article-title":"Phonological processing during language production: fMRI evidence for a shared production\u2013comprehension network.","volume":"16","author":"Heim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Research, Cognitive Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R23","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Word-frequency effects on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall.","volume":"23","author":"Hulme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2002.06.001","article-title":"The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components.","volume":"92","author":"Indefrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/469132","article-title":"Enhancement of phonological memory following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).","volume":"17","author":"Kirschen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp273","article-title":"The left superior temporal gyrus is a shared substrate for auditory short-term memory and speech comprehension: Evidence from 210 patients with stroke.","volume":"132","author":"Leff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8765","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1953-08.2008","article-title":"Temporary activation of long-term memory supports working memory.","volume":"28","author":"Lewis-Peacock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/026432997381402","article-title":"Language and auditory\u2013verbal short-term memory impairments: Evidence for common underlying processes.","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1999.2637","article-title":"Independence of input and output phonology in word processing and short-term memory.","volume":"41","author":"Martin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2002.02209.x","article-title":"Bilateral parieto-frontal network for verbal working memory: An interference approach using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).","volume":"16","author":"Mottaghy","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1806","article-title":"Facilitation of picture naming after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"53","author":"Mottaghy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/768413","article-title":"Enhancing picture naming with transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"17","author":"Mottaghy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioural Neurology"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R33","first-page":"411","article-title":"Access to information in working memory: Exploring the focus of attention.","volume":"28","author":"Oberauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2006.09.002","article-title":"Speech errors and the phonological similarity effect in short-term memory: Evidence suggesting a common locus.","volume":"56","author":"Page","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/362342a0","article-title":"The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory.","volume":"362","author":"Paulesu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.12.002","article-title":"Do people use language production to make predictions during comprehension?","volume":"11","author":"Pickering","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.10.018","article-title":"Working memory as an emergent property of mind and brain.","volume":"30","author":"Postle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2006.18.7.1147","article-title":"The neural correlates of phonological short-term memory: A repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation study.","volume":"18","author":"Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209254","article-title":"Effects of word frequency and age of acquisition on short-term memory span.","volume":"22","author":"Roodenrys","year":"1994","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1068\/p5117","article-title":"Revisiting Snodgrass and Vanderwart's object pictorial set: The role of surface detail in basic-level object recognition.","volume":"33","author":"Rossion","year":"2004","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X03000165","article-title":"Working memory retention systems: A state of activated long-term memory.","volume":"26","author":"Ruchkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202729","article-title":"A multinomial processing tree model for degradation and redintegration in immediate recall.","volume":"21","author":"Schweickert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00067.2005","article-title":"Simple metric for scaling motor threshold based on scalp\u2013cortex distance: Application to studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation.","volume":"94","author":"Stokes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03337662","article-title":"Articulatory loop explanations of memory span and pronunciation rate correspondences: A cautionary note.","volume":"26","author":"Tehan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050471","article-title":"Facilitation of picture naming by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of Wernicke's area.","volume":"121","author":"Topper","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.026","article-title":"Neurophysiology of functional imaging.","volume":"45","author":"van Eijsden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R47","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Concrete words are easier to recall than abstract words: Evidence for a semantic contribution to short-term serial recall.","volume":"25","author":"Walker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-5597(97)00096-8","article-title":"Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: Report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5\u20138, 1996.","volume":"108","author":"Wassermann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00316-0","article-title":"Seeing and hearing speech excites the motor system involved in speech production.","volume":"41","author":"Watkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R50","first-page":"712","article-title":"Serial recall and the modality effect: Effects of word frequency.","volume":"3","author":"Watkins","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"key":"2021072900542692300_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20782","article-title":"Neural correlates of word production stages delineated by parametric modulation of psycholinguistic variables.","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/23\/6\/1358\/1941477\/jocn.2010.21519.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article-pdf\/23\/6\/1358\/1941477\/jocn.2010.21519.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T01:07:26Z","timestamp":1627520846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/direct.mit.edu\/jocn\/article\/23\/6\/1358\/5111\/A-Common-Neural-Substrate-for-Language-Production"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.1162\/jocn.2010.21519","relation":{},"ISSN":["0898-929X","1530-8898"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0898-929X","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-8898","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]}}}