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Adaptation is assumed to produce changes in the encoder, and we examine the conditions under which the decoder behavior is consistent with observed perceptual effects in terms of both bias and discriminability. We show that for all decoders, discriminability is bounded from below by the inverse Fisher information. Estimation bias, on the other hand, can arise for a variety of different reasons and can range from zero to substantial. We specifically examine biases that arise when the decoder is fixed, \u201cunaware\u201d of the changes in the encoding population (as opposed to \u201caware\u201d of the adaptation and changing accordingly). We simulate the effects of adaptation on two well-studied sensory attributes, motion direction and contrast, assuming a gain change description of encoder adaptation. Although we cannot uniquely constrain the source of decoder bias, we find for both motion and contrast that an \u201cunaware\u201d decoder that maximizes the likelihood of the percept given by the preadaptation encoder leads to predictions that are consistent with behavioral data. This model implies that adaptation-induced biases arise as a result of temporary suboptimality of the decoder. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.09-08-869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,17]],"date-time":"2009-08-17T21:39:40Z","timestamp":1250545180000},"page":"3271-3304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Is the Homunculus \u201cAware\u201d of Sensory Adaptation?"],"prefix":"10.1162","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Peggy","family":"Seri\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IANC, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan A.","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero P.","family":"Simoncelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Science, and Courant Institute for Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, New York 10003, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"281","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685680260433904"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016827"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"373","volume":"5","author":"Addams R.","year":"1834","journal-title":"London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/14814"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X\/3\/2\/009"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/5.11.10"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Vision: Coding and efficiency","author":"Barlow H. 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