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The model determines a suitable set of actions from a number of possible actions, such as improving the existing infrastructure or establishing new roads, railways, sea links, and freight terminals. Modelling is undertaken within the framework of bilevel programming, where a multimodal multiclass user traffic assignment technique is incorporated within the lower-level problem, whilst the upper-level problem determines the best combination of actions such that the freight-related benefit-cost ratio is maximised. The upper-level problem involves combinatorial optimisation, and a heuristic approach based on genetic local search is applied as a solution technique. Empirical results of the model as applied to an actual large-sized interregional intermodal freight transport network show that genetic local search could provide better performance as compared to other genetic algorithm-based, as well as tabu search-based, heuristics. The model is successfully applied to transport network planning in the Philippines, where the development of a freight transport network is necessary to increase the utilisation of other modes rather than road-based vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1080.0250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T01:43:07Z","timestamp":1241746987000},"page":"129-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Designing Multimodal Freight Transport Networks: A Heuristic Approach and Applications"],"prefix":"10.1287","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Yamada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bona Frazila","family":"Russ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"109","reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines: A Stochastic Approach to Combinatorial Optimization and Neural Computing","author":"Aarts E. 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