{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T21:13:51Z","timestamp":1771708431043,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) space mission will map surface area and water level changes in lakes at the global scale. Such new data are of great interest to better understand and model lake dynamics as well as to improve water management. In this study, we used the large-scale SWOT simulator developed at the French Space National Center (CNES) to estimate the expected measurement errors of the water level of different water bodies in France. These water bodies include five large reservoirs of the Seine River and numerous small gravel pits located in the Seine alluvial plain of La Bass\u00e9e upstream of the city of Paris. The results show that the SWOT mission will allow to observe water levels with a precision of a few tens of centimeters (10 cm for the largest water reservoir (Orient), 23 km2), even for the small gravel pits of size of a few hectares (standard deviation error lower than 0.25 m for water bodies larger than 6 ha). The benefit of the temporal sampling for water level monitoring is also highlighted on time series of pseudo-observations based on real measurements perturbed with the simulated noise errors. Then, the added value of these future data for the simulation of lake energy budgets is shown using the FLake lake model through sensitivity experiments. Results show that the SWOT data will help to model the surface temperature of the studied water bodies with a precision better than 0.5 K and the evaporation with an accuracy better than 0.2 mm\/day. These large improvements compared to the errors obtained when a constant water level is prescribed (1.2 K and 0.6 mm\/day) demonstrate the potential of SWOT for monitoring the lake energy budgets at global scale in addition to the other foreseen applications in operational reservoir management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T09:03:48Z","timestamp":1599555828000},"page":"2911","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Characterization of SWOT Water Level Errors on Seine Reservoirs and La Bass\u00e9e Gravel Pits: Impacts on Water Surface Energy Budget Modeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1304-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Ottl\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Bernus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Verbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"P\u00e9trus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Zun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l\u2019Environnement (LSCE), CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Biancamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Etudes en G\u00e9ophysique et Oc\u00e9anographie Spatiales (LEGOS), UPS (OMP-PCA), F-31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0925-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Jost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, EPHE, METIS, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, F-75005 Paris, France"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Desroches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Pottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National d\u2019Etudes Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, UR HYCAR, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, F-92160 Antony, France"}]},{"given":"Alban","family":"de Lavenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRAE, UR HYCAR, Universit\u00e9 Paris Saclay, F-92160 Antony, France"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Flipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de G\u00e9osciences, MINES Paris-Tech, F-77305 Fontainebleau, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6002-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Rivi\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de G\u00e9osciences, MINES Paris-Tech, F-77305 Fontainebleau, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-22-789-2018","article-title":"A global hydrological simulation to specify the sources of water used by humans","volume":"22","author":"Hanasaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. 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