{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:53:16Z","timestamp":1761663196322,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]],"date-time":"2013-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DC-offset and DC-suppression are key parameters in bioelectric amplifiers. However, specific DC analyses are not often explained. Several factors influence the  DC-budget: the programmable gain, the programmable cut-off frequencies for high pass filtering and, the low cut-off values and the capacitor blocking issues involved. A new intermediate stage is proposed to address the DC problem entirely. Two implementations were tested. The stage is composed of a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) with  DC-rejection and low output offset. Cut-off frequencies are selectable and values from 0.016 to 31.83 Hz were tested, and the capacitor deblocking is embedded in the design. Hence, this PGA delivers most of the required gain with constant low output offset, notwithstanding the gain or cut-off frequency selected.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s131013123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]],"date-time":"2013-09-27T12:42:41Z","timestamp":1380285761000},"page":"13123-13142","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Programmable Gain Amplifiers with DC Suppression and Low Output Offset for Bioelectric Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0763-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albano","family":"Carrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electronics and Bioengineering, ETSI de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo Bel\u00e9n, 15. Valladolid 47011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"De la Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electronics and Bioengineering, ETSI de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo Bel\u00e9n, 15. Valladolid 47011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-0173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alonso","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electronics and Bioengineering, ETSI de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo Bel\u00e9n, 15. Valladolid 47011, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02512527","article-title":"Amplifiers for bioelectric events: A design with a minimal number of parts","volume":"32","author":"MettingVanRijn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pall\u00e0s, R. (1993). Adquisici\u00f3n Y Distribuci\u00f3n De Se\u00f1ales, Marcombo."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Carr, J.J., and Brown, J.M. (2001). Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology, Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jorgovanovic, N., Petrovic, R., Dosen, S., and Popovic, B.D. (2001, January 25\u201328). A Novel AC-Amplifier for Electrophysiology: Active DC Suppression with Differential to Differential Amplifier in the Feedback-Loop. Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11100","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211100","article-title":"Man-machine interface system for neuromuscular training and evaluation based on EMG and MMG signals","volume":"10","author":"Alonso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2003.808826","article-title":"AC-Coupled front-end for biopotential measurements","volume":"50","author":"Spinelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zumbahlen, H. (2008). Linear Circuit Design Handbook, Newnes.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-8703-4.00002-X"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/10\/13123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:35Z","timestamp":1760219375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/13\/10\/13123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s131013123"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s131013123","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]]}}}