{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:08:28Z","timestamp":1771538908228,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,16]],"date-time":"2016-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most gaze tracking systems are based on the pupil center corneal reflection (PCCR) method using near infrared (NIR) illuminators. One advantage of the PCCR method is the high accuracy it achieves in gaze tracking because it compensates for the pupil center position based on the relative position of corneal specular reflection (SR). However, the PCCR method only works for user head movements within a limited range, and its performance is degraded by the natural movement of the user\u2019s head. To overcome this problem, we propose a gaze tracking method using an ultrasonic sensor that is robust to the natural head movement of users. Experimental results demonstrate that with our compensation method the gaze tracking system is more robust to natural head movements compared to other systems without our method and commercial systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s16010110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]],"date-time":"2016-01-18T10:58:33Z","timestamp":1453114713000},"page":"110","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Compensation Method of Natural Head Movement for Gaze Tracking System Using an Ultrasonic Sensor for Distance Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dongwook","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Gwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyuan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195475","article-title":"A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications","volume":"34","author":"Duchowski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. 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