{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:20:59Z","timestamp":1785799259520,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advancements in IoT technology have been instrumental in the design and implementation of various ubiquitous services. One such design activity was carried out by the authors of this paper, who proposed a novel cloud-centric IoT-based disaster management framework and developed a multimedia-based prototype that employed real-time geographical maps. The multimedia-based system can provide vital information on maps that can improve the planning and execution of evacuation tasks. This study was intended to explore the acceptance of the proposed technology by the specific set of users that could potentially lead to its adoption by rescue agencies for carrying out indoor rescue and evacuation operations. The novelty of this study lies in the concept that the acceptability of the proposed system was ascertained before the complete implementation of the system, which prevented potential losses of time and other resources. Based on the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), we proposed a model included factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, and behavioural intention. Other factors include trust in the proposed system, job relevance, and information requirement characteristics. Online survey data collected from the respondents were analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that although perceived ease of use and job relevance had significant impacts on perceived usefulness, trust had a somewhat milder impact on the same. The model also demonstrated a statistically moderate impact of trust and perceived ease of use on behavioural intention. All other relationships were statistically strong. Overall, all proposed relationships were supported, with the research model providing a better understanding of the perceptions of users towards the adoption of the proposed technology. This would be particularly useful while making decisions regarding the inclusion of various features during the industrial production of the proposed system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22051866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"1866","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Using Modified Technology Acceptance Model to Evaluate the Adoption of a Proposed IoT-Based Indoor Disaster Management Software Tool by Rescue Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4606-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Preetinder Singh","family":"Brar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Dubai 4783, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaiteg","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farman","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5614-0190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daehan","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Kean University, Union, NJ 07083, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Indiastat (2020, September 15). Cause-Wise Number of Persons Injured and Killed by Fire Accidents in India. Available online: https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.indiastat.com\/table\/crime-and-law-data\/6\/total-fire-accidents\/475553\/1311004\/data.aspx."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Indiastat (2020, September 15). State-Wise Number of Persons Injured and Killed (Total Collapse) in India. Available online: https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.indiastat.com\/table\/crime-and-law-data\/6\/total-collapse\/475075\/1310256\/data.aspx."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2020, July 08). IoT Industry Report 2026. Internet of Things (IoT) Market. Available online: https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/industry-reports\/internet-of-things-iot-market-100307."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitra, P., Ray, R., Chatterjee, R., Basu, R., Saha, P., Raha, S., Barman, R., Patra, S., Biswas, S.S., and Saha, S. (2016, January 13\u201315). Flood forecasting using Internet of things and artificial neural networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 7th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2016.7746363"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-013-9466-1","article-title":"An integrated information system for snowmelt flood early-warning based on internet of things","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, H.N., Auddy, S., Pal, S., Kumar, S., Pandey, S., Singh, R., Singh, A.K., Banerjee, S., Ghosh, D., and Saha, S. (2017, January 16\u201318). Disaster management using Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2017 8th Annual Industrial Automation and Electromechanical Engineering Conference (IEMECON), Bangkok, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMECON.2017.8079566"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-013-9407-z","article-title":"A new methodology to support group decision-making for IoT-based emergency response systems","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul, P., Dutta, N., Biswas, B.A., Das, M., Biswas, S., Khalid, Z., and Saha, H.N. (2018, January 1\u20133). An Internet of Things (IoT) Based System to Analyze Real-time Collapsing Probability of Structures. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2018.8614743"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, July 09). Smart Cities Mission, Government of India, Available online: https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/smartcities.gov.in\/content\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1108\/09685220110401254","article-title":"Embedding security practices in contemporary information systems development approaches","volume":"9","author":"Tryfonas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inf. Manag. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arasteh, H., Hosseinnezhad, V., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., Troisi, O., Shafie-Khah, M., and Siano, P. (2016, January 7\u201310). Iot-based smart cities: A survey. Proceedings of the EEEIC 2016\u2014International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EEEIC.2016.7555867"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2011.553730","article-title":"Risk governance","volume":"14","author":"Renn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Risk Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brar, P.S., and Singh, J. (2020, January 7\u201315). A Novel IoT-based Framework for Indoor Rescue Operations. Proceedings of the 2020 Indo-Taiwan 2nd International Conference on Computing, Analytics and Networks (Indo-Taiwan ICAN), Rajpura, Punjab, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/Indo-TaiwanICAN48429.2020.9181370"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Davis, F.D. (1986). A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results, MIT."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","article-title":"A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"47","article-title":"The impact of cognitive and other factors on the perceived usefulness of OLAP","volume":"45","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-06-2013-0061","article-title":"A unified perspective on the factors influencing consumer acceptance of internet of things technology","volume":"26","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Mark. Logist."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.201","article-title":"Applications of Structural Equation Modeling in Psychological Research","volume":"51","author":"MacCallum","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2.3.173","article-title":"Predicting User Intentions: Comparing the Technology Acceptance Model with the Theory of Planned Behavior","volume":"2","author":"Mathieson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.6.2.144","article-title":"Understanding Information Technology Usage: A Test of Competing Models","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1108\/10662240510590324","article-title":"Mobile internet acceptance in Korea","volume":"15","author":"Cheong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2007.02.003","article-title":"Web Acceptance Model (WAM): Moderating effects of user experience","volume":"44","author":"Luque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71550","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920242","article-title":"Validation of TAM Model on Social Media Use for Collaborative Learning to Enhance Collaborative Authoring","volume":"7","author":"Alenazy","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2004.07.001","article-title":"What drives mobile commerce?: An empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Jan, M.A., Khan, F., and Alam, M. (2019). Exploring IoT Applications for Disaster Management: Identifying Key Factors and Proposing Future Directions. Recent Trends and Advances in Wireless and IoT-Enabled Networks, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2008.00192.x","article-title":"Technology Acceptance Model 3 and a Research Agenda on Interventions","volume":"39","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.11.4.342.11872","article-title":"Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, and Emotion into the Technology Acceptance Model","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1999.11518247","article-title":"Examining the Technology Acceptance Model Using Physician Acceptance of Telemedicine Technology","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1930","article-title":"The Effects of Creating Psychological Ownership on Physicians\u2019 Acceptance of Clinical Information Systems","volume":"13","author":"Sicotte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1075\/is.12.3.04shi","article-title":"Modeling the acceptance of socially interactive robotics: Social presence in human-robot interaction","volume":"12","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interact. Stud."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2011.0066","article-title":"Using a Modified Technology Acceptance Model to Evaluate Healthcare Professionals\u2019 Adoption of a New Telemonitoring System","volume":"18","author":"Gagnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"188","article-title":"User acceptance of long-term evolution (LTE) services: An application of extended technology acceptance model","volume":"47","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Progr. Electron. Libr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Extended Technology Acceptance Model for Mobile Social Gaming Service Popularity Analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/009365088015005006","article-title":"Implementation Characteristics of Organizational Innovations: Limits and Opportunities for Management Strategies","volume":"15","year":"1988","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1145\/358141.358148","article-title":"Power, politics, and MIS implementation","volume":"26","author":"Markus","year":"1983","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(85)80045-6","article-title":"An approach to the formal analysis of user complexity","volume":"22","author":"Kieras","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2009.07.002","article-title":"The Technology Acceptance Model: Its past and its future in health care","volume":"43","author":"Holden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/30036519","article-title":"Trust and TAM in Online Shopping: An Integrated Model","volume":"27","author":"Gefen","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aci.2009.04.001","article-title":"Modeling the electronic transactions acceptance using an extended technology acceptance model","volume":"9","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Inform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1108\/02652321211236923","article-title":"The impact of trust and perceived risk on internet banking adoption in India: An extension of technology acceptance model","volume":"30","author":"Kesharwani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Bank Mark."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"46","article-title":"Is trust important in technology adoption? A policy capturing approach","volume":"43","author":"Bahmanziari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2012.07.011","article-title":"How the internet of things technology enhances emergency response operations","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.11.069","article-title":"Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis","volume":"109","author":"Hair","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","article-title":"On the evaluation of structural equation models","volume":"16","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"7","article-title":"Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice","volume":"4","author":"Gefen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacker, R.E. (2012). A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling, Routledge. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203851319"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/5\/1866\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:28:20Z","timestamp":1760135300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/5\/1866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s22051866"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22051866","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]}}}