{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T21:50:41Z","timestamp":1773352241081,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Information and Communication Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["2021-0-00368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-0-00368"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Information and Communication Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["2022-0-00704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-00704"]}]},{"name":"Institute for Information and Communication Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP)","award":["2018-0-00969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-0-00969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the growing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT), research on massive machine-type communication (mMTC) services is being actively promoted. Because mMTC services are required to serve a large number of devices simultaneously, a lack of resources during initial access can be a significant problem when providing mMTC services in cellular networks. Various studies on efficient preamble transmission have been conducted to solve the random access problem of mMTC services. However, supporting a large number of devices simultaneously with limited resources is a challenging problem. In this study, we investigate code-expanded random access (CeRA), which extends the limited preamble resources to the code domain to decrease the high collision rate. To solve the existing CeRA phantom codeword and physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) resource shortage problems, we propose an optimal preamble codeword set selection algorithm based on mathematical analysis. The simulation results indicate that the proposed code-expanded random access scheme to enhance success probability (CeRA-eSP) achieves a higher random access success rate with a lower access delay compared to the existing random access schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"7959","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["CeRA-eSP: Code-Expanded Random Access to Enhance Success Probability of Massive MTC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6764-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiseung","family":"Youn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joohan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}]},{"given":"Joohyun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0121-3588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soohyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyoung","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1847-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information & Communications Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3519-3490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheolwoo","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information & Communications Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2971781","article-title":"A survey on 5G usage scenarios and traffic models","volume":"22","author":"Sendra","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172534","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3023802","article-title":"Key challenges, drivers and solutions for mobility management in 5G networks: A survey","volume":"8","author":"Shayea","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.0001.2100041","article-title":"Customized 5G and Beyond Private Networks with Integrated URLLC, eMBB, mMTC, and Positioning for Industrial Verticals","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Stand. Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ITU-R (2017). Minimum Requirements Related to Technical Performance for IMT\u20132020 Radio Interface(s), M.2410-0, International Telecommunication Union\u2014Recommendations."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"3GPP (2017). Study on New Radio (NR) Access Technology Physical Layer Aspects, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). TR 38.802."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2692307","article-title":"5G: A tutorial overview of standards, trials, challenges, deployment, and practice","volume":"35","author":"Shafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2916177","article-title":"Toward massive machine type communications in ultra-dense cellular IoT networks: Current issues and machine learning-assisted solutions","volume":"22","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41921","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906880","article-title":"Data aggregation in massive machine type communication: Challenges and solutions","volume":"7","author":"Salam","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2697420","article-title":"Success probability of multiple-preamble-based single-attempt random access to mobile networks","volume":"21","author":"Vural","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Code-expanded random access for machine-type communications","volume":"10","author":"Pratas","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Globecom Work."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3026331","article-title":"Analysis of random access in NB-IoT networks with three coverage enhancement groups: A stochastic geometry approach","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6853","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2864756","article-title":"Analyzing random access collisions in massive IoT networks","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.12.003","article-title":"Adaptive access class barring for efficient mMTC","volume":"149","author":"Pla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Cui, Y., Ding, L., Sun, J., Liu, Y., Li, Y., and Zhang, L. (2021, January 14\u201323). Joint Optimization of Preamble Selection and Access Barring for MTC with Correlated Device Activities. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473559"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12107","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2949024","article-title":"A Comprehensive Distributed Queue-Based Random Access Framework for mMTC in LTE\/LTE-A Networks with Mixed-Type Traffic","volume":"68","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111814","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3103123","article-title":"Access Priority Provisioning Based on Random Access Parallelization for Prioritized Cellular IoT","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, Y., Wang, T., and Wang, Z. (2019, January 21\u201323). Joint Access Control and Resource Allocation for mMTC based on Tagged Preamble. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2019.8927925"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28969","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2837382","article-title":"Towards Massive Connectivity Support for Scalable mMTC Communications in 5G Networks","volume":"6","author":"Bockelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abera, W., Olwal, T., Marye, Y., and Abebe, A. (2021, January 9\u201310). Learning Based Access Class Barring for Massive Machine Type Communication Random Access Congestion Control in LTE-A Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET), Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECET52533.2021.9698652"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227657","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3045811","article-title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Access Class Barring for Energy-Efficient mMTC Random Access in LTE Networks","volume":"8","author":"Bui","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17417","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3081692","article-title":"Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Meets Random Access in Massive Cellular Internet of Things","volume":"8","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3040504","article-title":"A New Contention-Based PUSCH Resource Allocation in 5G NR for mMTC Scenarios","volume":"25","author":"Miuccio","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Chen, W., Ai, B., and Zhong, Z. (2020, January 15\u201319). Contention Based Massive Access Scheme for B5G: A Compressive Sensing Method. Proceedings of the International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), Limassol, Cyprus.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC48107.2020.9148341"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2736","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2766778","article-title":"NOMA-Based Random Access with Multichannel ALOHA","volume":"35","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2021.3084163","article-title":"Random Access Based on Maximum Average Distance Code for Massive MTC in Cellular IoT Networks","volume":"10","author":"Astudillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2019.2929126","article-title":"Multiple Preambles for High Success Rate of Grant-Free Random Access with Massive MIMO","volume":"18","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Comminications"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"3GPP (2011). Study on RAN Improvements for Machine Type Communications, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). TR 37.868, V11.0.0."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Vural, S., Wang, N., Foster, G., and Tafazolli, R. (2020, January 6\u20139). Online control of preamble groups with priority in cellular IoT networks. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2003.820754","article-title":"On optimizing the backoff interval for random access schemes","volume":"51","author":"Haas","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2974402","article-title":"Joint control of random access and dynamic uplink resource dimensioning for massive MTC in 5G NR based on SCMA","volume":"7","author":"Miuccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7046","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3038148","article-title":"Enhanced Random Access for massive-Machine-Type Communications","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7626","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3086762","article-title":"Transmit power pool design for grant-free NOMA-IoT networks via deep reinforcement learning","volume":"20","author":"Fayaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:03Z","timestamp":1760144223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22207959"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207959","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]}}}