{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:34:05Z","timestamp":1781616845192,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]],"date-time":"2017-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), which is known to be a simple and efficient approach, is a non-parametric supervised classifier. It aims to determine the class label of an unknown sample by its k-nearest neighbors that are stored in a training set. The k-nearest neighbors are determined based on some distance functions. Although k-NN produces successful results, there have been some extensions for improving its precision. The neutrosophic set (NS) defines three memberships namely T, I and F. T, I, and F shows the truth membership degree, the false membership degree, and the indeterminacy membership degree, respectively. In this paper, the NS memberships are adopted to improve the classification performance of the k-NN classifier. A new straightforward k-NN approach is proposed based on NS theory. It calculates the NS memberships based on a supervised neutrosophic c-means (NCM) algorithm. A final belonging membership U is calculated from the NS triples as     U = T + I \u2212 F    . A similar final voting scheme as given in fuzzy k-NN is considered for class label determination. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed method\u2019s performance. To this end, several toy and real-world datasets are used. We further compare the proposed method with k-NN, fuzzy k-NN, and two weighted k-NN schemes. The results are encouraging and the improvement is obvious.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym9090179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,4]],"date-time":"2017-09-04T11:11:52Z","timestamp":1504523512000},"page":"179","update-policy":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["NS-k-NN: Neutrosophic Set-Based k-Nearest Neighbors Classifier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4760-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaman","family":"Akbulut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1614-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulkadir","family":"Sengur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Springfield, Springfield, IL 62703, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5560-5926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentin","family":"Smarandache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Sciences, University of New Mexico, Gallup, NM 87301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fix, E., and Hodges, J.L. 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Available online: https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/http\/archive.ics.uci.edu\/ml."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/9\/179\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:43:59Z","timestamp":1760208239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/9\/9\/179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym9090179"],"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym9090179","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,2]]}}}