{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:29:26Z","timestamp":1783096166711,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"PeerJ","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia","award":["645-2019 TD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["645-2019 TD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, Deep Learning techniques applied to steganalysis have surpassed the traditional two-stage approach by unifying feature extraction and classification in a single model, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Several CNN architectures have been proposed to solve this task, improving steganographic images\u2019 detection accuracy, but it is unclear which computational elements are relevant. Here we present a strategy to improve accuracy, convergence, and stability during training. The strategy involves a preprocessing stage with Spatial Rich Models filters, Spatial Dropout, Absolute Value layer, and Batch Normalization. Using the strategy improves the performance of three steganalysis CNNs and two image classification CNNs by enhancing the accuracy from 2% up to 10% while reducing the training time to less than 6 h and improving the networks\u2019 stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]],"date-time":"2021-04-09T05:58:02Z","timestamp":1617947882000},"page":"e451","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Strategy to improve the accuracy of convolutional neural network architectures applied to digital image steganalysis in the spatial domain"],"prefix":"10.7717","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Reinel","family":"Tabares-Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2341-5079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harold Brayan","family":"Arteaga-Arteaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Mora-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Alejandro","family":"Bravo-Ort\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Arias-Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Alejandro","family":"Alzate Grisales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Burbano Jacome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Automation, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/2.zoppoz.workers.dev:443\/https\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5991-8770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Orozco-Arias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Systems and Informatics, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Informatics, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul","family":"Ramos Pollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Engineering, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"4443","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.451\/ref-1","article-title":"TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems","author":"Abadi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.451\/ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24178-9_5","article-title":"\u201cBreak our steganographic system\u201d: the ins and outs of organizing BOSS","volume-title":"Information Hiding. 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