{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160696286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","title":"Multi -level situation awareness architecture with L2-norm ranking of states for industrial internet of things: Case study of multi-robot systems","display_name":"Multi -level situation awareness architecture with L2-norm ranking of states for industrial internet of things: Case study of multi-robot systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160696286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107931973","display_name":"Muhammad Nasir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799677732","display_name":"Launceston General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ymr6s03","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799677732"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nasir","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of ICT, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7316-1276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699","https://openalex.org/I2799677732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003410244","display_name":"Ananda Maiti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0785-5282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149704539","display_name":"Deakin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02czsnj07","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ananda Maiti","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of IT, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0785-5282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of IT, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149704539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033137793","display_name":"Shuxiang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0597-7040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129801699","display_name":"University of Tasmania","ror":"https://ror.org/01nfmeh72","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129801699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799677732","display_name":"Launceston General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ymr6s03","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799677732"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxiang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of ICT, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of ICT, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699","https://openalex.org/I2799677732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135740693","display_name":"Saurabh Garg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurabh Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Technologies, RMIT, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Technologies, RMIT, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5107931973"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129801699","https://openalex.org/I2799677732"],"apc_list":{"value":2010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2010},"apc_paid":{"value":2010,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2010},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47612435,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":null,"first_page":"101968","last_page":"101968"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.35370001196861267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.35370001196861267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.10080000013113022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-architecture","display_name":"Systems architecture","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.5569000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5145000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4702000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.450300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98025372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477538","display_name":"Systems architecture","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14911803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7532148","display_name":"Situation analysis","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2775000035762787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2026.101968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174276","display_name":"Internet of Things","issn_l":"2542-6605","issn":["2542-6605","2543-1536"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet of Things","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.45421767234802246,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041192231","https://openalex.org/W3049097602","https://openalex.org/W3135684856","https://openalex.org/W3144049393","https://openalex.org/W3154459044","https://openalex.org/W3161403725","https://openalex.org/W3197568502","https://openalex.org/W3209375340","https://openalex.org/W3215501295","https://openalex.org/W4205464291","https://openalex.org/W4206049592","https://openalex.org/W4212797575","https://openalex.org/W4226128970","https://openalex.org/W4226176436","https://openalex.org/W4310699669","https://openalex.org/W4311897878","https://openalex.org/W4312961220","https://openalex.org/W4386025640","https://openalex.org/W4388624515","https://openalex.org/W4390887451","https://openalex.org/W4391589817","https://openalex.org/W4392988591","https://openalex.org/W4399262478","https://openalex.org/W4399939305","https://openalex.org/W4404307285","https://openalex.org/W4406135379","https://openalex.org/W4411112203","https://openalex.org/W4414613826","https://openalex.org/W7133539537"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,44,154],"Things":[3],"(IIoT)":[4],"rely":[5,24],"on":[6,25],"situation":[7,54],"awareness":[8,55],"(SA)":[9],"to":[10,30,40,60,70,89,107,161],"monitor":[11],"operational":[12,91],"states":[13,92],"and":[14,28,64,111,151,163,197],"detect":[15],"anomalies":[16],"using":[17,93,117],"sensing":[18],"data.":[19],"However,":[20],"existing":[21],"SA":[22,205],"frameworks":[23],"centralized":[26,204],"processing":[27],"lacks":[29],"preserve":[31],"abnormality":[32],"information":[33,167],"during":[34,168],"hierarchical":[35,75,195],"aggregation,":[36,169],"making":[37],"it":[38],"difficult":[39],"localize":[41,71],"the":[42,97,189],"source":[43],"abnormal":[45,72,155,178],"conditions.":[46],"To":[47],"address":[48],"these":[49],"challenges,":[50],"a":[51,82,101,113,172],"scalable":[52],"multi-level":[53],"(MLSA)":[56],"framework":[57,190],"is":[58,87,105,146],"proposed":[59,126],"enable":[61],"bottom-up":[62],"aggregation":[63,103],"top-down":[65],"traceback":[66,150],"with":[67],"adaptive":[68,143],"recalibration":[69,153],"conditions":[73,179],"in":[74,171,176],"IIoT":[76,159],"applications.":[77],"In":[78],"this":[79],"work,":[80],"first,":[81],"hybrid":[83],"LSTM\u20131D":[84],"CNN":[85],"model":[86],"developed":[88],"identify":[90],"time-series":[94],"data":[95,131],"at":[96,122],"edge":[98],"level.":[99],"Then,":[100],"metric-driven":[102],"mechanism":[104],"presented":[106,147],"integrate":[108],"anomaly":[109,166,192],"descriptors":[110],"compute":[112],"composite":[114],"situational":[115],"score":[116],"an":[118,142],"L":[119],"2":[120],"-norm":[121],"higher":[123],"levels.":[124],"The":[125],"method":[127],"avoids":[128],"transmitting":[129],"raw":[130],"by":[132],"propagating":[133],"compact":[134],"state":[135],"descriptors,":[136],"thereby":[137],"reducing":[138],"communication":[139],"overhead.":[140],"Finally,":[141],"threshold":[144],"strategy":[145],"for":[148],"selective":[149],"local":[152],"branches.":[156],"This":[157],"allows":[158],"applications":[160],"retain":[162],"reveal":[164],"branch-level":[165],"resulting":[170],"criticality":[173],"propagation":[174],"pattern":[175],"which":[177],"remain":[180],"distinguishable.":[181],"Experimental":[182],"results":[183],"across":[184,194],"multiple":[185],"datasets":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"that":[188],"preserves":[191],"separability":[193],"levels":[196],"enables":[198],"more":[199],"effective":[200],"fault":[201],"localization":[202],"than":[203],"approaches.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2026-05-10T00:00:00"}