{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2105515453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.410362","title":"A skeleton and neural network-based approach for identifying cosmetic surface flaws","display_name":"A skeleton and neural network-based approach for identifying cosmetic surface flaws","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2105515453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.410362","mag":"2105515453","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18263408"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/72.410362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.410362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42080949","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1045-9227","issn":["1045-9227","1941-0093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110460092","display_name":"C. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59460038","display_name":"Chung Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yzz0f51","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Sch. of Ind. Eng. and Manage., Chung-Hua Polytech. Inst","Graduate Sch. of Ind. Eng. & Manage., Chung-Hua Polytech. Inst., Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Sch. of Ind. Eng. and Manage., Chung-Hua Polytech. Inst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Sch. of Ind. Eng. & Manage., Chung-Hua Polytech. Inst., Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59460038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016749019","display_name":"David Cannon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5238-6863"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.J. Cannon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA","[Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042211113","display_name":"Soundar Kumara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7941-8818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153103","display_name":"Marcus (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04rcck644","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153103"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.R.T. Kumara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA","Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054298337","display_name":"Guowen Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5815-2790"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guowen Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA","[Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Pennslyvania State University, State College, PA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80733342,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"1201","last_page":"1211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.8016736507415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7308708429336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7307665348052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7126973271369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.6712052226066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.6055924296379089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5867566466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structuring","display_name":"Structuring","score":0.47026118636131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46743905544281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4327145516872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1759728491306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.10835424065589905}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.8016736507415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7308708429336548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7307665348052979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7126973271369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.6712052226066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.6055924296379089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5867566466331482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.47026118636131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46743905544281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4327145516872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1759728491306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.10835424065589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/72.410362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/72.410362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S42080949","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1045-9227","issn":["1045-9227","1941-0093"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:18263408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18263408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96629785","https://openalex.org/W137941959","https://openalex.org/W651741927","https://openalex.org/W1510519295","https://openalex.org/W1537482913","https://openalex.org/W1543432670","https://openalex.org/W1947534051","https://openalex.org/W1970693654","https://openalex.org/W1979504895","https://openalex.org/W1993882585","https://openalex.org/W1995025046","https://openalex.org/W1997669059","https://openalex.org/W1997990243","https://openalex.org/W1999741831","https://openalex.org/W2026856674","https://openalex.org/W2035817270","https://openalex.org/W2045013870","https://openalex.org/W2064619185","https://openalex.org/W2072306407","https://openalex.org/W2090767079","https://openalex.org/W2101927907","https://openalex.org/W2109828971","https://openalex.org/W2119900165","https://openalex.org/W2124130976","https://openalex.org/W2144402595","https://openalex.org/W2148937167","https://openalex.org/W2154741421","https://openalex.org/W2170633497","https://openalex.org/W2476868371","https://openalex.org/W2492657445","https://openalex.org/W2498353028","https://openalex.org/W2911302472","https://openalex.org/W3127839202","https://openalex.org/W4236844765","https://openalex.org/W4251530686","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6724089535"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251394462","https://openalex.org/W1580673008","https://openalex.org/W1510936208","https://openalex.org/W2486167009","https://openalex.org/W1595575899","https://openalex.org/W756498608","https://openalex.org/W2135201366","https://openalex.org/W4285395220","https://openalex.org/W2131947708","https://openalex.org/W4256305671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"an":[3],"approach":[4],"to":[5,14,38,67,87,122,174],"cosmetic":[6],"surface":[7],"flaw":[8],"identification":[9],"that":[10,92],"is":[11,93,109,156],"essentially":[12],"invariant":[13],"changes":[15],"in":[16,24,43,153,158],"workpiece":[17,108],"orientation":[18],"and":[19,76,102],"position":[20],"while":[21],"being":[22],"efficient":[23],"the":[25,39,69,97,133,145,159,176],"use":[26],"of":[27,33,41,72,135,161,172],"computer":[28],"memory.":[29],"Visual":[30],"binary":[31],"images":[32],"workpieces":[34,173],"are":[35,49,65,84,166],"characterized":[36],"according":[37],"number":[40],"pixels":[42],"progressive":[44],"subskeleton":[45],"iterations.":[46],"Those":[47],"subskeletons":[48,74],"constructed":[50],"using":[51,100,129,168],"a":[52,88],"modified":[53],"Zhou":[54],"skeleton":[55,147],"transform":[56],"with":[57,75],"disk":[58],"shaped":[59],"structuring":[60],"elements.":[61],"Two":[62],"coding":[63,141],"schemes":[64,142],"proposed":[66,177],"record":[68],"pixel":[70,82,120],"counts":[71,83,121],"succeeding":[73],"without":[77],"lowpass":[78],"filtering.":[79],"The":[80,106],"coded":[81,119],"on-line":[85],"fed":[86],"supervised":[89],"neural":[90,162],"network":[91],"previously":[94],"trained":[95],"by":[96,116],"backpropagation":[98],"method":[99],"flawed":[101,113,137],"unflawed":[103,115],"simulation":[104],"patterns.":[105,125],"test":[107],"then":[110],"identified":[111],"as":[112],"or":[114],"comparing":[117],"its":[118],"associated":[123],"training":[124],"Such":[126],"off-line":[127],"trainings":[128],"simulated":[130],"patterns":[131],"avoid":[132],"problems":[134],"collecting":[136],"samples.":[138],"Since":[139],"both":[140],"tremendously":[143],"reduce":[144],"representative":[146],"image":[148],"data,":[149],"significant":[150],"run":[151],"time":[152],"each":[154],"epoch":[155],"saved":[157],"application":[160],"networks.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"results":[165],"reported":[167],"six":[169],"different":[170],"shapes":[171],"corroborate":[175],"approach.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-13T01:12:25.745995","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
