{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146768108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.376845","title":"Direction finding with time-varying arrays","display_name":"Direction finding with time-varying arrays","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146768108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.376845","mag":"2146768108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/78.376845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.376845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079888071","display_name":"A. Zeira","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Zeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Process. Technol. Ltd., Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Process. Technol. Ltd., Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006597702","display_name":"B. Friedlander","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5133-2433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Friedlander","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8391,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77351598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"927","last_page":"937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.7600659132003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.6853609681129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.6051205992698669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5771013498306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.5679429173469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5671457052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5486661791801453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-finding","display_name":"Direction finding","score":0.5110598802566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interval","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","score":0.48897993564605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.46206673979759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.45104241371154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.44387301802635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.4405277967453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.4142364263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37955939769744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3391125202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25975102186203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.24264314770698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14636296033859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13061916828155518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.12600767612457275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.7600659132003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6853609681129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.6051205992698669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5771013498306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.5679429173469543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5671457052230835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5486661791801453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780382809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367488","display_name":"Direction finding","level":3,"score":0.5110598802566528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.48897993564605713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.46206673979759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.45104241371154785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.44387301802635193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.4405277967453003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.4142364263534546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37955939769744873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3391125202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25975102186203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.24264314770698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14636296033859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13061916828155518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.12600767612457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/78.376845","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/78.376845","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168680287","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","issn_l":"1053-587X","issn":["1053-587X","1941-0476"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96132882","https://openalex.org/W1609026081","https://openalex.org/W1834265579","https://openalex.org/W1974775259","https://openalex.org/W1985415248","https://openalex.org/W1995158148","https://openalex.org/W2013124814","https://openalex.org/W2015227997","https://openalex.org/W2015896524","https://openalex.org/W2021556449","https://openalex.org/W2024750756","https://openalex.org/W2037389509","https://openalex.org/W2046219805","https://openalex.org/W2090969932","https://openalex.org/W2101196233","https://openalex.org/W2111540686","https://openalex.org/W2123296930","https://openalex.org/W2127772275","https://openalex.org/W2130241932","https://openalex.org/W2136274821","https://openalex.org/W2142352948","https://openalex.org/W2158513427","https://openalex.org/W2158932055","https://openalex.org/W2173500095","https://openalex.org/W2596951540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155905822","https://openalex.org/W2369849964","https://openalex.org/W1915213138","https://openalex.org/W2157042899","https://openalex.org/W1921043431","https://openalex.org/W2102310962","https://openalex.org/W2128773641","https://openalex.org/W2279015148","https://openalex.org/W2391187634","https://openalex.org/W2373910021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"considers":[2],"the":[3,7,20,36,41,46],"problem":[4],"of":[5,9,48,72],"finding":[6],"directions":[8,47],"narrowband":[10],"signals":[11],"using":[12],"a":[13,30],"time-varying":[14],"array,":[15],"whose":[16],"elements":[17],"move":[18],"during":[19],"observation":[21],"interval":[22],"in":[23,56],"an":[24],"arbitrary":[25],"but":[26],"known":[27],"way.":[28],"Assuming":[29],"Gaussian":[31],"signal":[32],"model,":[33],"we":[34],"derive":[35],"Cramer-Rao":[37],"bound":[38],"(CRB)":[39],"and":[40],"maximum":[42],"likelihood":[43],"estimator":[44],"for":[45],"arrival.":[49],"The":[50],"single":[51],"source":[52],"case":[53],"is":[54],"studied":[55],"detail.":[57],"Time-varying":[58],"arrays":[59,71],"are":[60],"shown":[61],"to":[62,66],"be":[63],"more":[64],"robust":[65],"ambiguity":[67],"errors":[68],"than":[69],"static":[70],"comparable":[73],"dimensions.>":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}