{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408017300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546565","title":"Revealing the Influence of Semantic Similarity on Survey Responses: A Synthetic Data Generation Approach","display_name":"Revealing the Influence of Semantic Similarity on Survey Responses: A Synthetic Data Generation Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408017300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546565","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002416543","display_name":"Esko Lehtonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0926-1517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87653560","display_name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/04b181w54","country_code":"FI","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089493","https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esko Lehtonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland","VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0926-1517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87653560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029577594","display_name":"Tommi Gr\u00f6ndahl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2293-8964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tommi Buder-Gr\u00f6ndahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2293-8964","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Digital Humanities, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069588617","display_name":"Sina Nordhoff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-5805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sina Nordhoff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric Vehicle Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","Institute of Transportation Studies, Electric Vehicle Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3388-5805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric Vehicle Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Transportation Studies, Electric Vehicle Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":5.7309,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94785972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"40285","last_page":"40301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.8202999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.8202999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.722212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-similarity","display_name":"Semantic similarity","score":0.5900423526763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5336713790893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4210386872291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4117242395877838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3956836462020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3672804832458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09372100234031677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.722212553024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130318100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268914","display_name":"Semantic similarity","level":2,"score":0.5900423526763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5336713790893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4210386872291565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4117242395877838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3956836462020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3672804832458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09372100234031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/594036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3546565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:df5ccec8ccb74583a9a3006cae84124a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/df5ccec8ccb74583a9a3006cae84124a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 40285-40301 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3546565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3546565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G309776915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101006664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5168834460","display_name":"Linguistic interpretation of leading methods in natural language processing","funder_award_id":"350775","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486839280","https://openalex.org/W1983968346","https://openalex.org/W2033943395","https://openalex.org/W2063029295","https://openalex.org/W2071076168","https://openalex.org/W2100379340","https://openalex.org/W2168569455","https://openalex.org/W2767161026","https://openalex.org/W2791007178","https://openalex.org/W2801188116","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2902070640","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W3034995113","https://openalex.org/W3087674428","https://openalex.org/W3099843385","https://openalex.org/W3125976894","https://openalex.org/W3148040514","https://openalex.org/W3161374759","https://openalex.org/W3175073208","https://openalex.org/W3183248212","https://openalex.org/W3207536300","https://openalex.org/W4248419300","https://openalex.org/W4254417009","https://openalex.org/W4286944817","https://openalex.org/W4321455981","https://openalex.org/W4364860029","https://openalex.org/W4379347837","https://openalex.org/W4382765604","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388691863","https://openalex.org/W4389765664","https://openalex.org/W4393054147","https://openalex.org/W4399316390","https://openalex.org/W4399492998","https://openalex.org/W4401042285","https://openalex.org/W6633724138","https://openalex.org/W6766777162","https://openalex.org/W6768851824","https://openalex.org/W6811106525","https://openalex.org/W6860404593"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376653378","https://openalex.org/W2114797768","https://openalex.org/W2380654781","https://openalex.org/W2176214140","https://openalex.org/W2516873349","https://openalex.org/W4385239468","https://openalex.org/W4200476258","https://openalex.org/W2022470916","https://openalex.org/W3201962287","https://openalex.org/W3002840018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Questionnaires":[0],"are":[1,105],"essential":[2],"for":[3,70,77],"measuring":[4,143],"self-reported":[5],"attitudes,":[6],"beliefs,":[7],"and":[8,57,91,112,187,214],"behaviour":[9],"in":[10,26,157,183,210],"many":[11],"research":[12],"fields.":[13],"Semantic":[14],"similarity":[15,49,76,100,110,166],"of":[16,24,47,55,60,74,146,153],"the":[17,27,37,45,53,58,72,93,108,125,133,144,154,158,178,184,217],"questions":[18],"is":[19],"recognized":[20],"as":[21,116,128,182],"a":[22,67,98,113,141],"source":[23],"covariance":[25],"human":[28,129,159,185],"data,":[29,131,172],"implying":[30],"that":[31,164,193,203],"response":[32,103,160],"patterns":[33],"partly":[34],"arise":[35],"from":[36],"questionnaire":[38,142],"itself.":[39],"A":[40],"practical":[41],"method":[42,69,83,137],"to":[43,96,176,188],"assess":[44],"influence":[46,73],"semantic":[48,75,99,109,165,199],"could":[50,208],"significantly":[51],"facilitate":[52],"design":[54],"questionnaires":[56,78,213],"interpretation":[59],"their":[61],"results.":[62],"The":[63,82,136],"current":[64],"study":[65],"presents":[66],"novel":[68],"estimating":[71],"with":[79,140],"Likert-scale":[80,85],"responses.":[81,169],"transforms":[84],"responses":[86],"into":[87],"natural":[88],"language":[89],"sentences":[90],"applies":[92],"Sentence-BERT":[94],"algorithm":[95],"compute":[97],"matrix.":[101],"Synthetic":[102,118,149],"data":[104,119,150,186,207],"generated":[106,205],"using":[107,124],"matrix":[111],"noise":[114],"parameter":[115],"input.":[117],"can":[120],"then":[121],"be":[122],"analysed":[123],"same":[126,179],"tools":[127],"survey":[130],"making":[132],"comparison":[134],"straightforward.":[135],"was":[138,174],"tested":[139],"acceptance":[145],"automated":[147],"driving.":[148],"explained":[151],"40%":[152],"observed":[155],"correlations":[156],"data.":[161],"This":[162,201],"means":[163],"substantially":[167],"influenced":[168],"Using":[170],"synthetic":[171,206],"it":[173],"possible":[175],"identify":[177,189],"factor":[180],"structure":[181],"relationships":[190,219],"between":[191,220],"factors":[192],"might":[194],"have":[195],"been":[196],"inflated":[197],"by":[198],"similarity.":[200],"demonstrates":[202],"semantically":[204],"help":[209],"designing":[211],"multi-factor":[212],"correctly":[215],"interpreting":[216],"found":[218],"factors.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T01:25:22.217667","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
