{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126150424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342869","title":"Medical Device Spare Part Pricing Strategy Analysis for Developing Nations","display_name":"Medical Device Spare Part Pricing Strategy Analysis for Developing Nations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126150424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342869","mag":"3126150424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061684729","display_name":"Rawan Abu-Zaineh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rawan Abu-Zaineh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109277015","display_name":"John Gershenson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Gershenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship Program, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80874317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13690","display_name":"Quality and Safety in Healthcare","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13690","display_name":"Quality and Safety in Healthcare","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3607","display_name":"Medical Laboratory Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10804","display_name":"Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life","score":0.9758999943733215,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13280","display_name":"Biomedical and Engineering Education","score":0.9312000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spare-part","display_name":"Spare part","score":0.7318572998046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement","display_name":"Procurement","score":0.6631463766098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-country","display_name":"Developing country","score":0.5791265964508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-based-costing","display_name":"Activity-based costing","score":0.552457869052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitor-analysis","display_name":"Competitor analysis","score":0.5278475284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.5180040001869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/order","display_name":"Order (exchange)","score":0.5148510336875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5095332264900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4494110345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.431308388710022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-equipment","display_name":"Medical equipment","score":0.43013498187065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.4213802218437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damages","display_name":"Damages","score":0.4102340340614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.39629927277565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.38242387771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.32693129777908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.31037136912345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17212945222854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.1687876284122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1559140384197235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14119049906730652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194648553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364774","display_name":"Spare part","level":2,"score":0.7318572998046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.6631463766098022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.5791265964508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164624739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754331","display_name":"Activity-based costing","level":2,"score":0.552457869052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127576917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624630","display_name":"Competitor analysis","level":2,"score":0.5278475284576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.5180040001869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.5148510336875916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5095332264900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4494110345840454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.431308388710022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513323569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554101","display_name":"Medical equipment","level":2,"score":0.43013498187065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4213802218437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.4102340340614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.39629927277565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38242387771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.32693129777908325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.31037136912345886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17212945222854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1687876284122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1559140384197235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14119049906730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ghtc46280.2020.9342869","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W793571280","https://openalex.org/W2009064774","https://openalex.org/W2043950867","https://openalex.org/W2049364290","https://openalex.org/W2054777395","https://openalex.org/W2091827499","https://openalex.org/W2131598457","https://openalex.org/W2792466658","https://openalex.org/W3025213548"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376859990","https://openalex.org/W2912704652","https://openalex.org/W2381161177","https://openalex.org/W4205240985","https://openalex.org/W2319226115","https://openalex.org/W830772239","https://openalex.org/W2970750595","https://openalex.org/W2366601680","https://openalex.org/W2392193501","https://openalex.org/W2738649048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Levels":[0],"of":[1,37,41,73,123,160,194,201],"accessibility":[2,18],"to":[3,12,65,93,96,110,118,149,152,157,176,196,207,223,228,247],"functioning":[4],"medical":[5,23,43,105,137],"equipment":[6,24,46],"and":[7,69,84,98,144,163,184,191,216],"devices":[8,212],"varies":[9],"from":[10,76],"nation":[11],"nation.":[13],"Developing":[14],"countries":[15],"have":[16,224],"limited":[17],"as":[19,50,79,166,182,250],"malfunctioning":[20],"or":[21,45],"broken":[22],"is":[25,47,58,63,81,91,133],"often":[26,48,215],"thrown":[27],"away":[28],"with":[29,188],"no":[30],"available":[31],"replacement":[32,67],"-":[33,130],"limiting":[34],"healthcare":[35],"capabilities":[36],"the":[38,74,104,111,161,169,189],"area.":[39],"Cost":[40],"replacing":[42],"parts":[44,68,138,236],"seen":[49,167,222],"a":[51,59,71,120,198,208],"large":[52],"barrier":[53],"in":[54,116,127,147],"developing":[55,209],"nations.":[56],"Kijenzi":[57,132],"social":[60,99],"enterprise":[61],"that":[62,90,213,233,243],"able":[64],"manufacture":[66],"at":[70],"fraction":[72],"cost":[75,88,156,159,230],"international":[77],"competitors":[78],"it":[80],"locally":[82],"manufactured":[83],"3D":[85,135],"printed.":[86],"A":[87],"structure":[89],"suitable":[92],"providing":[94],"profit":[95],"Kijenzi,":[97],"enterprises":[100],"alike,":[101],"while":[102],"ensuring":[103],"products":[106],"are":[107,217],"financially":[108],"accessible":[109],"customers":[112],"must":[113],"be":[114,204,248],"established":[115],"order":[117,148],"ensure":[119],"sufficient":[121],"number":[122],"sales":[124],"will":[125],"occur":[126],"Kisumu,":[128],"Kenya":[129],"where":[131],"based.":[134],"printed":[136],"were":[139,221,237],"valued":[140,239],"by":[141,168],"biomedical":[142],"engineers":[143],"procurement":[145],"officers":[146],"collect":[150],"data":[151],"analyze":[153],"relationships":[154],"between":[155],"print,":[158],"device,":[162],"part":[164,227],"valuation":[165],"hospital":[170],"representative.":[171],"This":[172],"method":[173],"was":[174],"compared":[175],"different,":[177],"industry-used,":[178],"pricing":[179],"methods":[180],"such":[181],"tiered":[183],"equity":[185],"pricing,":[186],"along":[187],"standardization":[190],"adaptation":[192],"schools":[193],"thought":[195],"gain":[197],"better":[199],"understanding":[200],"which":[202],"would":[203],"more":[205,219,240],"applicable":[206],"country.":[210],"Medical":[211],"break":[214],"needed":[218],"frequently":[220],"higher":[225],"spart":[226],"machine":[229],"ratio,":[231],"indicating":[232],"these":[234],"spare":[235],"generally":[238],"than":[241],"ones":[242],"do":[244],"not":[245],"need":[246],"replaces":[249],"often.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}