{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2916538116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2018.8647830","title":"LetFi: Letter Recognition in the Air Using CSI","display_name":"LetFi: Letter Recognition in the Air Using CSI","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2916538116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2018.8647830","mag":"2916538116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2018.8647830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646618","display_name":"Liming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-8193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944","https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440164","display_name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1172-1551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43313876","display_name":"Dalian Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/002b7nr53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43313876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003873372","display_name":"Qinghua Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1591-189X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944","https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054407228","display_name":"Xuanheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2606-6932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092944","display_name":"Dalian University","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2ypp58","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuanheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092944","https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047722991","display_name":"Miao Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2138-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016290340","display_name":"Yuguang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-3871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuguang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6547,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72744826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.975600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9753000140190125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7019120454788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4415316879749298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35863184928894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3220231831073761}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7019120454788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4415316879749298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35863184928894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3220231831073761}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/glocom.2018.8647830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/glocom.2018.8647830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65738273","https://openalex.org/W1844165822","https://openalex.org/W1969688522","https://openalex.org/W2031721930","https://openalex.org/W2038423830","https://openalex.org/W2045107598","https://openalex.org/W2069313697","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2115612038","https://openalex.org/W2159321926","https://openalex.org/W2391401965","https://openalex.org/W2403386687","https://openalex.org/W2531297344","https://openalex.org/W2558891025","https://openalex.org/W2734730826","https://openalex.org/W2789857179","https://openalex.org/W2792651740","https://openalex.org/W2952327846","https://openalex.org/W3143739318","https://openalex.org/W6638713265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,48,65,117,127,150],"its":[2,105],"promising":[3],"application":[4],"in":[5,14,21,33,88],"the":[6,15,34,49,53,57,74,89,97,129,132,136,157,165,174,187],"field":[7],"of":[8,52,59,135,183],"human-":[9],"machine":[10],"interaction,":[11],"letter":[12,31,86,98,137],"recognition":[13,32,87,181],"air":[16,35,90],"has":[17],"drawn":[18],"considerable":[19],"attention":[20],"recent":[22],"years.":[23],"Compared":[24],"with":[25],"traditional":[26],"sensor-based":[27],"and":[28,44,56,95,131,140,160],"camera-based":[29],"methods,":[30],"using":[36],"channel":[37],"state":[38],"information":[39],"(CSI)":[40],"is":[41,63],"more":[42],"user-friendly":[43],"easy-to-deploy.":[45],"Unfortunately,":[46],"due":[47],"limited":[50],"range":[51],"moving":[54],"hand":[55],"similarity":[58],"different":[60,71],"letters,":[61],"it":[62],"difficult":[64],"extract":[66,118,151],"discriminative":[67,152],"writing":[68,138],"patterns":[69],"for":[70],"letters":[72],"from":[73,154],"noisy":[75],"environment.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,112],"design":[81,113],"LetFi,":[82],"a":[83,101,114,123,142,180],"high":[84],"accuracy":[85,182],"system,":[91],"which":[92],"could":[93,178],"detect":[94,128],"recognize":[96],"written":[99],"by":[100,103],"user":[102],"analyzing":[104],"influence":[106],"on":[107],"surrounding":[108],"WiFi":[109],"signals.":[110],"Specifically,":[111],"differential":[115],"method":[116],"robust":[119],"CSI":[120],"measurements,":[121],"develop":[122],"variance":[124],"based":[125,145],"scheme":[126],"start":[130],"end":[133],"points":[134],"activity,":[139],"propose":[141],"coherence":[143],"histogram":[144],"multi-domain":[146],"feature":[147],"extraction":[148],"strategy":[149],"features":[153],"not":[155],"only":[156],"time":[158],"domain":[159],"frequency":[161],"domain,":[162],"but":[163],"also":[164],"spatial":[166],"structural":[167],"domain.":[168],"Extensive":[169],"experimental":[170],"results":[171],"show":[172],"that":[173],"proposed":[175],"LetFi":[176],"system":[177],"achieve":[179],"95%":[184],"when":[185],"recognizing":[186],"26":[188],"capital":[189],"letters.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}