{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125833394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit64950.2025.11049239","title":"A Distributed Brute-Force Attack and Misleading Countermeasure for Securing ModbusTCP Implementations in PLCs","display_name":"A Distributed Brute-Force Attack and Misleading Countermeasure for Securing ModbusTCP Implementations in PLCs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125833394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit64950.2025.11049239"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/icit64950.2025.11049239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit64950.2025.11049239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119771932","display_name":"Mohammd Abdul Jawad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145019703","display_name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5b0p13","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammd Abdul Jawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Software Engineering Department,Amman,Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Software Engineering Department,Amman,Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124006434","display_name":"Mohammad Z. Masoud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145019703","display_name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5b0p13","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Z. Masoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Electrical Engineering Department,Amman,Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan,Electrical Engineering Department,Amman,Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145019703"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054935370","display_name":"\u00c1lvaro Alesanco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5254-1402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro \u00c1lesanco","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zaragoza,Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),Zaragoza,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zaragoza,Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),Zaragoza,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123984234","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zaragoza,Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),Zaragoza,Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zaragoza,Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A),Zaragoza,Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7748,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97499091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"439","last_page":"443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9240000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9240000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/countermeasure","display_name":"Countermeasure","score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-cracking","display_name":"Password cracking","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password-strength","display_name":"Password strength","score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.29440000653266907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.867900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6172999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21593369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1032176","display_name":"Countermeasure","level":2,"score":0.5544999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3847113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2746524","display_name":"Password cracking","level":5,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70530487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990841","display_name":"Password strength","level":4,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113328881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599809","display_name":"Dictionary attack","level":3,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207468940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869370","display_name":"Brute-force attack","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28420585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665075","display_name":"Timing attack","level":4,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89479133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137840","display_name":"One-time password","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/icit64950.2025.11049239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icit64950.2025.11049239","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 12th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5516960620880127,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"this":[0,23],"paper":[1],"demonstrates":[2],"a":[3,16,25,60,63,100],"brute-force":[4,82],"attack":[5,44,50],"on":[6,59],"password":[7,54,102],"based":[8],"ModbusTCP":[9],"implementations":[10],"in":[11,62,133],"PLCs":[12],"and":[13,36,45,52,79,93,103],"HMIs":[14],"using":[15],"swarm":[17],"of":[18,130],"20":[19,94],"microcontrollers.":[20],"To":[21,41],"counter":[22],"attack,":[24],"misleading":[26,70],"LADDER-based":[27],"algorithm":[28],"that":[29,68],"misleads":[30],"attackers":[31],"with":[32,90],"false":[33],"register":[34],"values":[35],"randomized":[37],"passwords":[38,78],"is":[39],"proposed.":[40],"evaluate":[42],"the":[43,46,69,128],"proposed":[47],"protocol,":[48],"two":[49,53],"scenarios":[51],"lengths":[55],"have":[56],"been":[57],"leveraged":[58],"PLC":[61,109],"LAN":[64],"environment.":[65],"Results":[66],"show":[67],"protocol":[71],"causes":[72],"each":[73,97],"attacker":[74,86],"to":[75,122],"receive":[76],"different":[77,101,105],"data,":[80],"disrupting":[81],"attempts":[83],"while":[84],"enabling":[85],"identification.":[87],"When":[88],"tested":[89],"one":[91],"thread":[92],"Arduino":[95],"kits,":[96],"kit":[98],"found":[99],"received":[104],"data":[106],"when":[107],"reading":[108],"registers.":[110],"This":[111],"approach":[112],"not":[113],"only":[114],"prevents":[115],"unauthorized":[116],"access":[117],"but":[118],"also":[119],"allows":[120],"administrators":[121],"track":[123],"attackers'":[124],"IP":[125],"addresses,":[126],"highlighting":[127],"effectiveness":[129],"deception-based":[131],"defenses":[132],"industrial":[134],"security.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-01-28T00:00:00"}