{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386274096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri58017.2023.00013","title":"Hybrid Convolutional Autoencoder-Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm To Reveal Image Spam Sources","display_name":"Hybrid Convolutional Autoencoder-Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm To Reveal Image Spam Sources","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386274096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iri58017.2023.00013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iri58017.2023.00013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iri58017.2023.00013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 24th International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615347","display_name":"Yongjin Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8520-1212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177721651","display_name":"Oakland University","ror":"https://ror.org/01ythxj32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjin Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oakland University,Department of Mathematics and Statistics,Rochester,MI,USA","Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oakland University,Department of Mathematics and Statistics,Rochester,MI,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177721651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072192748","display_name":"Wei-Bang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Bang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia State University,Department of Computer Science,Petersburg,VA,USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University,Department of Computer Science,Petersburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080738867","display_name":"Zanyah Ailsworth","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zanyah Ailsworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia State University,Department of Computer Science,Petersburg,VA,USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University,Department of Computer Science,Petersburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369113","display_name":"Xiaoliang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-7716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43742981","display_name":"State University of New York at Oswego","ror":"https://ror.org/01597g643","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43742981"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoliang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Oswego,Department of Computer Science,Oswego,NY,USA","Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Oswego,Department of Computer Science,Oswego,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43742981"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43742981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061568662","display_name":"Chengcui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5868-6450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengcui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Computer Science,Birmingham,AL,USA","Department of Computer Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Computer Science,Birmingham,AL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100713124","display_name":"Kaixuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-353X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11786554","display_name":"Virginia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04esvpn06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaixuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia State University,Department of Computer Science,Petersburg,VA,USA","Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia State University,Department of Computer Science,Petersburg,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11786554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"28","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7767363786697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7263091802597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6943379044532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6935491561889648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6927639842033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6627278327941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5429750084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","score":0.4935864210128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4724695384502411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4315551817417145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.28543946146965027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7767363786697388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7263091802597046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6943379044532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6935491561889648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6927639842033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6627278327941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5429750084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.4935864210128784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4724695384502411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4315551817417145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.28543946146965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iri58017.2023.00013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iri58017.2023.00013","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 24th International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1993132138","https://openalex.org/W2074231493","https://openalex.org/W2126813895","https://openalex.org/W2144360675","https://openalex.org/W2168920341","https://openalex.org/W2169384781","https://openalex.org/W2896081746","https://openalex.org/W2916086000","https://openalex.org/W3013262845","https://openalex.org/W3017078175","https://openalex.org/W3215354734","https://openalex.org/W4323545743","https://openalex.org/W6630221274","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6680970901","https://openalex.org/W6755630162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2145836866","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W2909431601"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,115,129],"propose":[1],"a":[2,32,37,118,144],"novel":[3],"hybrid":[4],"algorithm":[5,78,122,137],"framework":[6],"to":[7,53,79,99,123],"address":[8,45],"the":[9,58,64,67,84,104,125,131,139],"problem":[10],"of":[11,24,34,66,109],"clustering":[12,121],"images":[13,110,126],"received":[14],"in":[15,92,111],"spam":[16],"emails":[17],"based":[18],"on":[19],"authorship.":[20],"The":[21,86],"multimodal":[22],"nature":[23],"these":[25],"images,":[26,59],"containing":[27],"foreground":[28],"objects,":[29],"text,":[30],"or":[31],"combination":[33],"both,":[35],"poses":[36],"significant":[38],"challenge":[39],"for":[40],"grouping":[41],"them":[42],"effectively.":[43],"To":[44],"this":[46],"challenge,":[47],"we":[48,71],"train":[49],"convolutional":[50,179],"autoencoders":[51],"(CAE)":[52],"extract":[54,80],"visual":[55,90,161],"features":[56],"from":[57,83,176],"which":[60],"are":[61,97,170],"produced":[62,133],"by":[63,134,143],"encoder":[65],"trained":[68],"CAEs.":[69],"Furthermore,":[70],"utilize":[72],"an":[73],"optical":[74],"character":[75],"recognition":[76],"(OCR)":[77],"text":[81,88],"information":[82],"images.":[85],"extracted":[87],"and":[89,167],"features,":[91,96,162],"conjunction":[93],"with":[94,138,156],"layout":[95],"employed":[98],"construct":[100],"matrices":[101],"that":[102,151,169],"measure":[103],"similarities":[105],"between":[106],"each":[107],"pair":[108],"our":[112,135,152],"experiment":[113],"dataset.":[114],"subsequently":[116],"apply":[117],"two-stage":[119],"hierarchical":[120],"cluster":[124],"into":[127],"groups.":[128],"compare":[130],"results":[132],"proposed":[136],"ground":[140],"truth":[141],"collected":[142],"domain":[145],"expert.":[146],"Our":[147],"experimental":[148],"findings":[149],"reveal":[150],"relatively":[153],"simple":[154],"CAEs,":[155],"as":[157,159,171,173],"few":[158],"thirty-seven":[160],"can":[163],"achieve":[164],"homogeneity,":[165],"completeness,":[166],"V-measures":[168],"high":[172],"those":[174],"obtained":[175],"more":[177],"complex":[178],"neural":[180],"networks":[181],"(CNNs).":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}