{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136526128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtcsa.2009.43","title":"A Probabilistic Approach to Mobile Location Estimation within Cellular Networks","display_name":"A Probabilistic Approach to Mobile Location Estimation within Cellular Networks","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136526128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtcsa.2009.43","mag":"2136526128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/rtcsa.2009.43","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtcsa.2009.43","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 15th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101048971","display_name":"Junyang Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junyang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103571255","display_name":"Kenneth Man-Kin Chu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Man-Kin Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012777103","display_name":"Joseph Kee\u2010Yin Ng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8286-4344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Kee-Yin Ng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (China)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong (China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"341","last_page":"348"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7252072095870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.6715322136878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6083895564079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-based-service","display_name":"Location-based service","score":0.5476353764533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5467305779457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-station","display_name":"Mobile station","score":0.5334247350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5301378965377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.516019344329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.5123690366744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.479727178812027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtown","display_name":"Downtown","score":0.473629891872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.45213431119918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.42920857667922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4125266969203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27607524394989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2193673849105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21899950504302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.17864921689033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13015404343605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.11307132244110107}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7252072095870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.6715322136878967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6083895564079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155292070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198122","display_name":"Location-based service","level":2,"score":0.5476353764533997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5467305779457092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.5334247350692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5301378965377808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.516019344329834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.5123690366744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.479727178812027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776556313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050303","display_name":"Downtown","level":2,"score":0.473629891872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.45213431119918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.42920857667922974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4125266969203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27607524394989014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2193673849105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21899950504302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.17864921689033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13015404343605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.11307132244110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/rtcsa.2009.43","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/rtcsa.2009.43","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 15th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkbu.edu.hk:hkbu_staff_publication-1080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/hkbu_staff_publication/66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196872","display_name":"HKBU Institutional Repository (Hong Kong Baptist University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"HKBU Staff Publication","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329815","display_name":"Hong Kong Government","ror":"https://ror.org/034179816"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2646853","https://openalex.org/W1557855924","https://openalex.org/W1608826770","https://openalex.org/W1988324938","https://openalex.org/W1988520084","https://openalex.org/W2030843399","https://openalex.org/W2054405892","https://openalex.org/W2096966072","https://openalex.org/W2105243443","https://openalex.org/W2107198359","https://openalex.org/W2113025112","https://openalex.org/W2119362555","https://openalex.org/W2130556364","https://openalex.org/W2134398244","https://openalex.org/W2607080156","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2397667288","https://openalex.org/W2098947423","https://openalex.org/W83444978","https://openalex.org/W2962291197","https://openalex.org/W2032638267","https://openalex.org/W2338366266","https://openalex.org/W2347264771","https://openalex.org/W2078349349","https://openalex.org/W1587232376","https://openalex.org/W2263290679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"location":[1,24,53,75,88,102,161,182],"estimation":[2,54,89,183],"is":[3,16,28,130],"becoming":[4],"an":[5,22],"important":[6],"value":[7],"added":[8],"service":[9],"for":[10],"a":[11,30,131,140,154],"mobile":[12,52,78,87,105],"phone":[13],"network.":[14],"It":[15],"well-known":[17],"that":[18,33,177],"GPS":[19,34,71],"can":[20,118],"provide":[21],"accurate":[23],"estimation.":[25,162],"But":[26],"it":[27,129],"also":[29],"known":[31],"fact":[32],"does":[35],"not":[36],"perform":[37,160],"well":[38],"in":[39,73,80,170],"urban":[40],"areas":[41],"like":[42,48],"downtown":[43],"New":[44],"York":[45],"and":[46,127,173,190],"cities":[47],"Hong":[49,171],"Kong.":[50],"Many":[51],"approaches":[55],"based":[56,97],"on":[57],"cellular":[58,125],"networks":[59],"have":[60],"been":[61],"proposed":[62],"to":[63,77,121,159],"compensate":[64],"the":[65,68,92,101,104,113,144],"problem":[66],"of":[67,70,86,94,103,124,153,188],"lost":[69],"signals":[72],"providing":[74],"services":[76],"users":[79],"metropolitan":[81],"areas.":[82],"Among":[83],"different":[84,122,186],"kinds":[85,123,187],"technologies,":[90],"only":[91],"class":[93],"signal":[95,109,156],"strength":[96,110],"algorithm":[98],"which":[99,150],"estimates":[100],"station":[106],"(MS)":[107],"by":[108],"received":[111],"from":[112],"nearly":[114],"base":[115],"stations":[116],"(BSs)":[117],"be":[119],"applied":[120],"networks,":[126],"therefore,":[128],"more":[132],"general":[133],"solution.":[134],"In":[135],"this":[136],"paper,":[137],"we":[138],"design":[139],"directional":[141],"propagation":[142,157],"model,":[143],"Modified":[145],"Directional":[146],"Propagation":[147],"Model":[148],"(MDPM),":[149],"makes":[151],"use":[152],"common":[155],"model":[158],"We":[163],"test":[164],"MDPM":[165,178],"with":[166],"real":[167],"data":[168],"taken":[169],"Kong":[172],"experimental":[174],"results":[175],"show":[176],"outperforms":[179],"other":[180],"existing":[181],"algorithms":[184],"among":[185],"terrains":[189],"environmental":[191],"factors.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
