{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408792503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3553951","title":"Piecewise Linear Approximation of Battery Open-Circuit Voltage Characteristics Using Dynamic Programming","display_name":"Piecewise Linear Approximation of Battery Open-Circuit Voltage Characteristics Using Dynamic Programming","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408792503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3553951"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3553951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3553951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047396505","display_name":"Sooraj Sunil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5185-8802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sooraj Sunil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5185-8802","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082001657","display_name":"Krishna R. Pattipati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0565-181X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna R. Pattipati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0565-181X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101751073","display_name":"Balakumar Balasingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-7585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balakumar Balasingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2669-7585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5482,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8869965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5825956463813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise","display_name":"Piecewise","score":0.5548730492591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/piecewise-linear-function","display_name":"Piecewise linear function","score":0.4902113080024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.4761486053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4673519432544708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4527384042739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4456942081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.439943790435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4373355507850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4176824688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2958553433418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2546405494213104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22791525721549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20530694723129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.1364126205444336}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5825956463813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164660894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037833","display_name":"Piecewise","level":2,"score":0.5548730492591858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17095337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2375229","display_name":"Piecewise linear function","level":2,"score":0.4902113080024719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.4761486053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4673519432544708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4527384042739868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4456942081451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.439943790435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4373355507850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4176824688911438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2958553433418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2546405494213104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22791525721549988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20530694723129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.1364126205444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tim.2025.3553951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3553951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10892749","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","issn_l":"0018-9456","issn":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975946664","https://openalex.org/W1981425894","https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W2006609100","https://openalex.org/W2022395113","https://openalex.org/W2128790263","https://openalex.org/W2155195832","https://openalex.org/W2547367748","https://openalex.org/W2565263321","https://openalex.org/W2743993177","https://openalex.org/W2757793717","https://openalex.org/W2907636747","https://openalex.org/W2910052146","https://openalex.org/W2987539388","https://openalex.org/W3016536387","https://openalex.org/W3161594591","https://openalex.org/W3193638514","https://openalex.org/W3208417549","https://openalex.org/W4296307088","https://openalex.org/W4311628394","https://openalex.org/W4312446777","https://openalex.org/W4312961115","https://openalex.org/W4313562723","https://openalex.org/W4320482027","https://openalex.org/W4321021031","https://openalex.org/W4327662979","https://openalex.org/W4381803494","https://openalex.org/W4382244335","https://openalex.org/W4385232256","https://openalex.org/W4389610049","https://openalex.org/W4390241500","https://openalex.org/W4391188001","https://openalex.org/W4394896812","https://openalex.org/W4396894617","https://openalex.org/W4403391414","https://openalex.org/W4404563744","https://openalex.org/W4405441308","https://openalex.org/W6754632298","https://openalex.org/W6867176674"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4398198689","https://openalex.org/W2354365353","https://openalex.org/W2133947431","https://openalex.org/W2490196280","https://openalex.org/W3182827720","https://openalex.org/W1596838019","https://openalex.org/W3208509670","https://openalex.org/W2109304297","https://openalex.org/W2100864966","https://openalex.org/W2083709218"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"open-circuit":[1],"voltage":[2],"(OCV)":[3],"model,":[4],"which":[5],"represents":[6],"OCV":[7,82],"as":[8,35,138],"a":[9,23,43,65,77,120,128,176],"function":[10],"of":[11,13,22,89,111,115,123,201],"state":[12,21,200],"charge":[14],"(SOC),":[15],"is":[16,29,150],"essential":[17],"for":[18,69,76],"estimating":[19,197],"the":[20,26,74,87,90,113,116,135,147,156,193,198],"battery.":[24],"Typically,":[25],"OCV-SOC":[27,91,117,136],"characteristic":[28,137],"approximated":[30],"using":[31],"empirical":[32],"functions,":[33],"such":[34],"polynomials":[36],"or":[37],"lookup":[38],"tables,":[39],"and":[40,63,188],"stored":[41],"in":[42,94,153,196],"battery":[44],"management":[45],"system":[46,68],"(BMS).":[47],"However,":[48],"polynomial":[49],"approximations":[50],"have":[51,103],"several":[52],"limitations:":[53],"they":[54],"are":[55],"sensitive":[56],"to":[57,85,133,143],"floating-point":[58],"errors,":[59],"can":[60],"be":[61],"noninvertible,":[62],"require":[64],"high-precision":[66],"computing":[67],"numerical":[70],"inverse":[71],"lookups":[72],"(determining":[73],"SOC":[75],"given":[78],"OCV).":[79],"Moreover,":[80],"many":[81],"models":[83],"fail":[84],"maintain":[86],"monotonicity":[88],"relationship,":[92],"especially":[93],"resource-constrained":[95],"environments.":[96],"While":[97],"table-based":[98],"(or":[99],"piecewise":[100,139,145],"linear)":[101],"approaches":[102],"been":[104],"explored,":[105],"existing":[106,144],"methods":[107],"often":[108],"fall":[109],"short":[110],"preserving":[112],"accuracy":[114],"curve":[118],"with":[119],"minimal":[121],"number":[122],"breakpoints.":[124],"This":[125],"article":[126],"introduces":[127],"novel":[129],"dynamic":[130],"programming":[131],"approach":[132,149],"model":[134],"line":[140],"segments.":[141],"Compared":[142],"models,":[146],"proposed":[148],"more":[151],"resource-efficient":[152],"systematically":[154],"reducing":[155],"required":[157],"table":[158],"breakpoints":[159],"while":[160],"maintaining":[161],"optimal":[162],"accuracy.":[163],"Experimental":[164],"validation":[165],"across":[166],"various":[167],"lithium-ion":[168],"chemistries":[169],"at":[170],"four":[171],"ambient":[172],"temperatures":[173],"consistently":[174],"demonstrated":[175],"root":[177],"mean":[178],"square":[179],"error":[180],"below":[181],"5":[182],"mV.":[183],"Additionally,":[184],"differential":[185],"feature":[186],"extraction":[187],"segmented":[189],"correlation":[190],"analysis":[191],"highlight":[192],"model\u2019s":[194],"effectiveness":[195],"battery\u2019s":[199],"health":[202],"(SOH).":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}