{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116893754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3647455","title":"HierTFL: Hierarchical Scheduling for Industrial TSN-Enhanced Federated Learning System","display_name":"HierTFL: Hierarchical Scheduling for Industrial TSN-Enhanced Federated Learning System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116893754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3647455"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3647455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3647455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100319963","display_name":"Xinyue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4833-6481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2409-456X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mingyan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-4872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-4872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121069297","display_name":"Songtao Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songtao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6741-4871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097336014","display_name":"Fuqiang Gu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuqiang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3408-982X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121074039","display_name":"Pengzhan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengzhan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8796-5969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber-Physical-Society (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121068811","display_name":"Weiting Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2626-4883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59129292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"8177","last_page":"8191"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.7325000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.7325000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.02539999969303608,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7064999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.6236000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/job-shop-scheduling","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.33070001006126404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8809000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7064999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6236000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5430999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5333999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.39320001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130120984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2835898","display_name":"Distributed algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3647455","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3647455","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.4131391942501068,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1880356491","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4747258872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62203077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7048696448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7684934227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572084","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972382727","https://openalex.org/W1995714897","https://openalex.org/W2010654234","https://openalex.org/W2049950845","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2883094398","https://openalex.org/W2964199361","https://openalex.org/W3047177858","https://openalex.org/W3091957880","https://openalex.org/W3108643162","https://openalex.org/W3111179237","https://openalex.org/W3111182214","https://openalex.org/W3155189475","https://openalex.org/W3163584387","https://openalex.org/W3213321731","https://openalex.org/W4205597275","https://openalex.org/W4226183928","https://openalex.org/W4310055708","https://openalex.org/W4312340627","https://openalex.org/W4365790250","https://openalex.org/W4376636921","https://openalex.org/W4377716570","https://openalex.org/W4380684831","https://openalex.org/W4385627407","https://openalex.org/W4386243260","https://openalex.org/W4390097772","https://openalex.org/W4392024287","https://openalex.org/W4392203343","https://openalex.org/W4393032739","https://openalex.org/W4400275715","https://openalex.org/W4404914310","https://openalex.org/W4405741840","https://openalex.org/W4406387980","https://openalex.org/W4407247460"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"adoption":[1],"of":[2,13,71,81,123,181,186,218,236],"federated":[3],"learning":[4],"(FL)":[5],"in":[6,126,206,238],"industrial":[7,15,46,229],"IoT":[8],"(IIoT)":[9],"facilitates":[10],"the":[11,55,69,78,92,120,184,192,211,234],"deployment":[12],"field-level":[14],"intelligence":[16],"by":[17],"multi-node":[18],"collaborative":[19],"and":[20,35,60,83,203,246],"distributed":[21,37],"learning.":[22],"Numerous":[23],"studies":[24],"on":[25,29,200],"FL":[26,56,97,113,124,132,161,208],"primarily":[27],"concentrate":[28],"enhancing":[30],"model":[31,57,98,244],"accuracy":[32,66,137],"under":[33,228],"non-independent":[34],"identically":[36],"data.":[38],"Nevertheless,":[39],"this":[40,101,165],"focus":[41],"is":[42,148],"inadequate":[43],"for":[44,96],"time-critical":[45],"systems,":[47],"as":[48],"these":[49],"systems":[50],"necessitate":[51],"real-time":[52,75],"processing":[53],"during":[54],"training":[58],"phase":[59],"any":[61],"strategy":[62],"that":[63,111],"prioritizes":[64],"incremental":[65],"gains":[67],"at":[68,159],"expense":[70],"latency":[72],"risks":[73],"violating":[74],"deadlines.":[76],"However,":[77],"system":[79],"heterogeneity":[80],"computing":[82],"communication":[84],"capabilities":[85],"will":[86],"impose":[87],"a":[88,105,135,141,152,169,187,240],"formidable":[89],"bottleneck":[90],"to":[91,118,129,250],"overall":[93],"time":[94,248],"consumed":[95],"training.":[99],"In":[100],"paper,":[102],"we":[103,139,167],"present":[104],"FL-enabled":[106],"Time-Sensitive":[107,115],"IIoT":[108],"(FETI)":[109],"framework":[110],"integrates":[112],"with":[114,177],"Networking":[116],"(TSN)":[117],"support":[119],"deterministic":[121],"forwarding":[122],"flows":[125],"industry.":[127],"Aiming":[128],"speed":[130],"up":[131],"convergence":[133,247],"within":[134],"targeted":[136],"gap,":[138],"formulate":[140],"heterogeneity-aware":[142],"FL-TSN":[143],"joint":[144],"optimization":[145],"problem,":[146,166],"which":[147],"theoretically":[149],"transformed":[150],"into":[151],"stochastic":[153],"mixed-":[154],"integer":[155],"programming":[156],"problem":[157],"solved":[158],"each":[160,207,219],"round.":[162],"To":[163],"address":[164],"propose":[168],"hierarchical":[170],"reinforcement":[171],"learning-based":[172],"scheduling":[173,217],"scheme,":[174],"called":[175],"HierTFL,":[176],"two":[178],"interacting":[179],"layers":[180],"policies.":[182],"With":[183],"assistance":[185],"proposed":[188],"spatial-temporal":[189],"state":[190],"encoder,":[191],"high-level":[193],"policy":[194,213],"dynamically":[195],"selects":[196],"client":[197,221],"participants":[198],"based":[199],"data":[201],"quality":[202],"resource":[204],"availability":[205],"round,":[209],"while":[210],"low-level":[212],"optimizes":[214],"TSN":[215],"flow":[216],"selected":[220],"using":[222],"non-cumulative":[223],"Bellman":[224],"updates.":[225],"Experimental":[226],"results":[227],"monitoring":[230],"datasets":[231],"have":[232],"shown":[233],"effectivity":[235],"HierTFL":[237],"achieving":[239],"balanced":[241],"trade-off":[242],"between":[243],"precision":[245],"compared":[249],"existing":[251],"benchmarks.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-23T00:00:00"}
