{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7166709330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797107","title":"Revealing Regressions: A Comparative Study of State-Capture Strategies in Validating Program Behavior","display_name":"Revealing Regressions: A Comparative Study of State-Capture Strategies in Validating Program Behavior","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7166709330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797107","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103243432","display_name":"Hang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9126-5200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9126-5200","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057626438","display_name":"Vijay Krishna Palepu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7530-2842"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Krishna Palepu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Mountain View, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7530-2842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Mountain View, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008140976","display_name":"James A. Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5359-7934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James A. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5359-7934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83679402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"FSE","first_page":"1757","last_page":"1780"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.005499999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-testing","display_name":"Regression testing","score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assertion","display_name":"Assertion","score":0.5117999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-cognition","display_name":"Embodied cognition","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.28540000319480896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6757000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161821725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917415","display_name":"Regression testing","level":5,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.5117999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3716999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777146004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14949826","display_name":"CLARITY","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797107","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797107","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404663975","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.","issn_l":"2994-970X","issn":["2994-970X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W746740806","https://openalex.org/W1505988381","https://openalex.org/W1964014481","https://openalex.org/W1965194038","https://openalex.org/W1971650562","https://openalex.org/W1993760289","https://openalex.org/W2026926213","https://openalex.org/W2028990673","https://openalex.org/W2061227290","https://openalex.org/W2077258409","https://openalex.org/W2082700856","https://openalex.org/W2084901307","https://openalex.org/W2100775847","https://openalex.org/W2122475137","https://openalex.org/W2122987706","https://openalex.org/W2135937266","https://openalex.org/W2136568800","https://openalex.org/W2143251912","https://openalex.org/W2156723666","https://openalex.org/W2166985644","https://openalex.org/W2167723122","https://openalex.org/W2170260129","https://openalex.org/W2174442795","https://openalex.org/W2245429186","https://openalex.org/W2466388701","https://openalex.org/W2506127410","https://openalex.org/W2548334485","https://openalex.org/W2725449579","https://openalex.org/W2884381798","https://openalex.org/W2901721765","https://openalex.org/W2960013457","https://openalex.org/W3005628256","https://openalex.org/W3098391866","https://openalex.org/W3108645468","https://openalex.org/W3117333366","https://openalex.org/W3161448441","https://openalex.org/W3176572490","https://openalex.org/W4245950452","https://openalex.org/W4253629268","https://openalex.org/W4284690374","https://openalex.org/W4284712551","https://openalex.org/W4312260323","https://openalex.org/W4312865720","https://openalex.org/W4383312015","https://openalex.org/W4384154653","https://openalex.org/W4384155563","https://openalex.org/W4384155677","https://openalex.org/W4389162688","https://openalex.org/W4391558644","https://openalex.org/W4394745564","https://openalex.org/W4400484806","https://openalex.org/W4402436757","https://openalex.org/W4405600886","https://openalex.org/W4405602213","https://openalex.org/W4411552295","https://openalex.org/W4411552898","https://openalex.org/W4416999711","https://openalex.org/W7125897915"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"central":[1],"challenge":[2],"in":[3,34,44,74,204,246],"software":[4],"testing":[5],"is":[6],"deciding":[7],"which":[8],"parts":[9],"of":[10,18,99,127,157,177,215,223,230],"a":[11,41,107],"program\u2019s":[12],"state":[13,196],"to":[14,21,59,209],"check":[15],"as":[16,28,32,185],"evidence":[17],"correct":[19],"behavior":[20],"reveal":[22,162],"regressions.":[23],"These":[24,69],"checks":[25,62],"are":[26,71],"embodied":[27],"test":[29,35],"oracles,":[30,86],"typically":[31],"assertions":[33,165],"cases.":[36],"State":[37],"observation":[38,128,179],"strategies":[39,53,70,150],"play":[40],"decisive":[42],"role":[43],"shaping":[45],"how":[46,148,238],"effectively":[47],"regressions":[48],"can":[49,198,242],"be":[50],"revealed.":[51],"Such":[52,235],"range":[54],"from":[55,106],"exhaustive":[56],"memory":[57],"snapshots":[58],"selective":[60],"attribute":[61],"via":[63],"getter":[64],"methods":[65],"and":[66,77,84,132,154,194,227,249,258],"nullability":[67],"checks.":[68],"deeply":[72],"embedded":[73],"both":[75,255],"research":[76],"practice:":[78],"academic":[79],"work":[80],"has":[81,89],"explored":[82],"heuristic-":[83],"serialization-based":[85],"while":[87],"industry":[88],"widely":[90],"adopted":[91],"snapshot":[92],"testing.":[93],"Despite":[94],"their":[95],"importance,":[96],"the":[97,125,155,174,221,228],"effects":[98],"different":[100],"state-capture":[101,149],"choices":[102,123,241],"remain":[103],"poorly":[104],"understood":[105],"scientific":[108],"perspective.":[109],"In":[110],"this":[111,136],"work,":[112],"we":[113,138,219],"present":[114],"an":[115,140,211],"experimental":[116],"framework":[117],"for":[118,254],"systematically":[119],"analyzing":[120],"these":[121],"design":[122,182,240],"along":[124],"dimensions":[126],"scope,":[129],"extraction":[130,133],"approach,":[131],"depth.":[134],"Using":[135],"framework,":[137],"conduct":[139],"empirical":[141],"study":[142],"across":[143],"twelve":[144],"real-world":[145],"projects,":[146],"measuring":[147],"influence":[151],"regression-revealing":[152],"capability":[153],"richness":[156],"oracle":[158],"information.":[159],"Our":[160],"findings":[161],"that":[163],"human-written":[164],"often":[166],"under-utilize":[167],"available":[168],"program":[169,233],"state,":[170],"achieving":[171],"well":[172],"below":[173],"fault-revealing":[175],"potential":[176],"systematic":[178],"strategies.":[180],"Simple":[181],"choices,":[183],"such":[184],"exposing":[186],"unchecked":[187],"intermediate":[188],"return":[189],"values,":[190],"carefully":[191],"selecting":[192],"getters,":[193],"deepening":[195],"extraction,":[197],"yield":[199,243],"measurable":[200],"improvements":[201],"(avg.":[202],"35.7%)":[203],"regression":[205,247],"detection":[206,248],"without":[207],"needing":[208],"observe":[210],"overwhelmingly":[212],"large":[213],"amount":[214],"program-state":[216],"data.":[217],"Additionally,":[218],"highlight":[220],"challenges":[222],"observability,":[224],"assertion":[225],"desirability,":[226],"trade-offs":[229],"capturing":[231],"richer":[232],"states.":[234],"insights":[236],"show":[237],"small":[239],"major":[244],"differences":[245],"potentially":[250],"offer":[251],"concrete":[252],"directions":[253],"tool":[256],"builders":[257],"practitioners.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T06:12:58.138171","created_date":"2026-07-01T00:00:00"}