{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7137823616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","title":"Boosting the Robustness-Accuracy Trade-off of SNNs by Robust Temporal Self-Ensemble","display_name":"Boosting the Robustness-Accuracy Trade-off of SNNs by Robust Temporal Self-Ensemble","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7137823616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39833/43794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39833/43794","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129719892","display_name":"Jihang Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129653859","display_name":"Dongcheng Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82333064","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Governance","ror":"https://ror.org/006cgkx15","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82333064"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongcheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance\nBeijing Key Laboratory of Safe Al and Superalignment"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance\nBeijing Key Laboratory of Safe Al and Superalignment","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82333064"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129683687","display_name":"Ruolin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112150","display_name":"Institute of Automation","ror":"https://ror.org/022c3hy66","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruolin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112150"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129752775","display_name":"Qian Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82333064","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Governance","ror":"https://ror.org/006cgkx15","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82333064"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences\nBeijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance\nBeijing Key Laboratory of Safe Al and Superalignment"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences\nBeijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance\nBeijing Key Laboratory of Safe Al and Superalignment","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82333064"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129734167","display_name":"Yi Zeng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82333064","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Governance","ror":"https://ror.org/006cgkx15","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82333064"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences\nBeijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance\nBeijing Key Laboratory of Safe Al and Superalignment"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of automation, Chinese academy of science\nUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences\nBeijing Institute of AI Safety and Governance\nBeijing Key Laboratory of Safe Al and Superalignment","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82333064"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18674859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"31","first_page":"26285","last_page":"26293"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9681000113487244,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.0203000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8616999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.7563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.3765000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8616999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.7563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7457000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7283999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6671000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6151999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80191262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477668","display_name":"Fragility","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77277458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969246","display_name":"Temporal database","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39833/43794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/39833","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/view/39833","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2159-5399","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v40i31.39833","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/AAAI/article/download/39833/43794","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191458","display_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","issn_l":"2159-5399","issn":["2159-5399","2374-3468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.40516096353530884,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2292455696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB1010302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6153031311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB1010302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7137823616.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7137823616.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spiking":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(SNNs)":[3],"offer":[4],"a":[5,42,83,106,111,168],"promising":[6],"direction":[7],"for":[8,66,115,171],"energy-efficient":[9],"and":[10,63,109,150,166],"brain-inspired":[11],"computing,":[12],"yet":[13],"their":[14],"vulnerability":[15],"to":[16,69,147],"adversarial":[17,28,67,99,164],"perturbations":[18],"remains":[19],"poorly":[20],"understood.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"work,":[24],"we":[25,77],"revisit":[26],"the":[27,33,39,64,88,95,140,158],"robustness":[29,89,142],"of":[30,35,44,59,90,98,144,160],"SNNs":[31],"through":[32],"lens":[34],"temporal":[36,61,96,161],"ensembling,":[37],"treating":[38],"network":[40],"as":[41],"collection":[43],"evolving":[45],"sub-networks":[46,62],"across":[47,71,120],"discrete":[48],"timesteps.":[49],"This":[50],"formulation":[51],"uncovers":[52],"two":[53],"critical":[54],"but":[55],"underexplored":[56],"challenges\u2014the":[57],"fragility":[58],"individual":[60],"tendency":[65],"vulnerabilities":[68],"transfer":[70],"time.":[72],"To":[73],"overcome":[74],"these":[75],"limitations,":[76],"propose":[78],"Robust":[79],"Temporal":[80],"self-Ensemble":[81],"(RTE),":[82],"training":[84,129],"framework":[85],"that":[86,124,137],"improves":[87],"each":[91],"sub-network":[92],"while":[93],"reducing":[94],"transferability":[97],"perturbations.":[100],"RTE":[101,125,138],"integrates":[102],"both":[103],"objectives":[104],"into":[105],"unified":[107],"loss":[108],"employs":[110],"stochastic":[112],"sampling":[113],"strategy":[114],"efficient":[116],"optimization.":[117],"Extensive":[118],"experiments":[119],"multiple":[121],"benchmarks":[122],"demonstrate":[123],"consistently":[126],"outperforms":[127],"existing":[128],"methods":[130],"in":[131,163],"robust-accuracy":[132],"trade-off.":[133],"Additional":[134],"analyses":[135],"reveal":[136],"reshapes":[139],"internal":[141],"landscape":[143],"SNNs,":[145],"leading":[146],"more":[148],"resilient":[149],"temporally":[151],"diversified":[152],"decision":[153],"boundaries.":[154],"Our":[155],"study":[156],"highlights":[157],"importance":[159],"structure":[162],"learning":[165],"offers":[167],"principled":[169],"foundation":[170],"building":[172],"robust":[173],"spiking":[174],"models.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-03-18T00:00:00"}
