{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3189951784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","title":"Generalizing to Unseen Domains: A Survey on Domain Generalization","display_name":"Generalizing to Unseen Domains: A Survey on Domain Generalization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3189951784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","mag":"3189951784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0628.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0628.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700956","display_name":"Jindong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4833-0880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jindong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051469345","display_name":"Cuiling Lan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9145-9957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cuiling Lan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034247308","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-6025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005136271","display_name":"Yidong Ouyang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137867983","display_name":"Central University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/008e3hf02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yidong Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137867983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020025718","display_name":"Tao Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9095-0776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113369","display_name":"Microsoft Research Asia (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0300m5276","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100700956"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113369"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":28.9243,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":294,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99758074,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4627","last_page":"4635"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.879528284072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.7284207344055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7096365690231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.7008134126663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6123275756835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5958024263381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4540664553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3591773509979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17099428176879883}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.879528284072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.7284207344055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7096365690231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7008134126663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6123275756835938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5958024263381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4540664553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3591773509979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17099428176879883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0628.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/628","pdf_url":"https://www.ijcai.org/proceedings/2021/0628.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189951784.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3189951784.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1731081199","https://openalex.org/W1852255964","https://openalex.org/W1920962657","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1982696459","https://openalex.org/W2115403315","https://openalex.org/W2126151240","https://openalex.org/W2131953535","https://openalex.org/W2153549389","https://openalex.org/W2155858138","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2167366427","https://openalex.org/W2201792562","https://openalex.org/W2346746376","https://openalex.org/W2578437730","https://openalex.org/W2604763608","https://openalex.org/W2614424296","https://openalex.org/W2627183927","https://openalex.org/W2758584002","https://openalex.org/W2763549966","https://openalex.org/W2765407302","https://openalex.org/W2787226294","https://openalex.org/W2798658180","https://openalex.org/W2806187986","https://openalex.org/W2884771968","https://openalex.org/W2889965839","https://openalex.org/W2892623062","https://openalex.org/W2894728917","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2900631671","https://openalex.org/W2906405631","https://openalex.org/W2940579548","https://openalex.org/W2945670763","https://openalex.org/W2946146305","https://openalex.org/W2952476201","https://openalex.org/W2952848538","https://openalex.org/W2958360136","https://openalex.org/W2963043696","https://openalex.org/W2963118547","https://openalex.org/W2963344645","https://openalex.org/W2963625477","https://openalex.org/W2963746531","https://openalex.org/W2963756240","https://openalex.org/W2963789515","https://openalex.org/W2964124968","https://openalex.org/W2965843558","https://openalex.org/W2966200864","https://openalex.org/W2968638474","https://openalex.org/W2970119729","https://openalex.org/W2981368934","https://openalex.org/W2991162376","https://openalex.org/W2994897138","https://openalex.org/W2998712190","https://openalex.org/W3006253006","https://openalex.org/W3013459733","https://openalex.org/W3016179654","https://openalex.org/W3020886907","https://openalex.org/W3021632667","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3034373371","https://openalex.org/W3034727830","https://openalex.org/W3035263140","https://openalex.org/W3035762155","https://openalex.org/W3036085734","https://openalex.org/W3036219413","https://openalex.org/W3038585207","https://openalex.org/W3040216392","https://openalex.org/W3041133507","https://openalex.org/W3044478874","https://openalex.org/W3089674223","https://openalex.org/W3095799614","https://openalex.org/W3095807935","https://openalex.org/W3103937687","https://openalex.org/W3107328939","https://openalex.org/W3118069529","https://openalex.org/W3124219615","https://openalex.org/W3142917731","https://openalex.org/W3169423864","https://openalex.org/W3174337559","https://openalex.org/W3202935747","https://openalex.org/W4287394649","https://openalex.org/W4287480889","https://openalex.org/W4287660667","https://openalex.org/W4287688440","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W4307113909","https://openalex.org/W4394633966"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165912799","https://openalex.org/W2735662278","https://openalex.org/W2382615723","https://openalex.org/W4311804456","https://openalex.org/W1987484445","https://openalex.org/W2623658258","https://openalex.org/W1969219540","https://openalex.org/W2143413548","https://openalex.org/W4250128246","https://openalex.org/W2933653026"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Domain":[0,13],"generalization":[1,14,73],"(DG),":[2],"i.e.,":[3],"out-of-distribution":[4],"generalization,":[5],"has":[6,50],"attracted":[7],"increased":[8],"interests":[9],"in":[10,62,90],"recent":[11,60,82],"years.":[12],"deals":[15],"with":[16],"a":[17,36,68],"challenging":[18],"setting":[19],"where":[20],"one":[21],"or":[22],"several":[23,76,103],"different":[24],"but":[25],"related":[26,77],"domain(s)":[27],"are":[28],"given,":[29],"and":[30,74,87,96,113,120],"the":[31,56,109,127],"goal":[32],"is":[33],"to":[34,41],"learn":[35],"model":[37],"that":[38],"can":[39],"generalize":[40],"an":[42],"unseen":[43],"test":[44],"domain.":[45],"For":[46],"years,":[47],"great":[48],"progress":[49],"been":[51],"achieved.":[52],"This":[53],"paper":[54],"presents":[55],"first":[57],"review":[58],"for":[59,126],"advances":[61],"domain":[63,72],"generalization.":[64],"First,":[65],"we":[66,80,107,116],"provide":[67],"formal":[69],"definition":[70],"of":[71,100],"discuss":[75],"fields.":[78],"Then,":[79],"categorize":[81],"algorithms":[83],"into":[84],"three":[85],"classes":[86],"present":[88,121],"them":[89],"detail:":[91],"data":[92],"manipulation,":[93],"representation":[94],"learning,":[95],"learning":[97],"strategy,":[98],"each":[99],"which":[101],"contains":[102],"popular":[104],"algorithms.":[105],"Third,":[106],"introduce":[108],"commonly":[110],"used":[111],"datasets":[112],"applications.":[114],"Finally,":[115],"summarize":[117],"existing":[118],"literature":[119],"some":[122],"potential":[123],"research":[124],"topics":[125],"future.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":73},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-08T08:50:53.379069","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}