{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309209702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","title":"Remote Laboratory as an Educational Tool in Robotics Experimental Course","display_name":"Remote Laboratory as an Educational Tool in Robotics Experimental Course","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309209702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","pdf_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/download/33791/12221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15272795","display_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)","issn_l":"1863-0383","issn":["1863-0383","1868-8799"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313744","host_organization_name":"kassel university press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["kassel university press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/download/33791/12221","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080149044","display_name":"Dangfeng Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6864-5207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102575","display_name":"TianjinSino-German University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01243ws42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dangfeng Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113655692","display_name":"Shigang Cui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133270356","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/035gwtk09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133270356"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shigang Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133270356"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101010752","display_name":"Genghuang Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133270356","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology and Education","ror":"https://ror.org/035gwtk09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133270356"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genghuang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133270356"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":260,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":280},"apc_paid":{"value":260,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":280},"fwci":1.3274,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81608672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"21","first_page":"230","last_page":"245"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.696115255355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.6873970031738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6495981216430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-laboratory","display_name":"Remote laboratory","score":0.5937339663505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-robotics","display_name":"Educational robotics","score":0.5445783734321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.5068021416664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.46972692012786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.42365920543670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41127872467041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3679983913898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17904826998710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.178533673286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16984012722969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09106740355491638}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.696115255355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.6873970031738281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6495981216430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777820725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312158","display_name":"Remote laboratory","level":3,"score":0.5937339663505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341299","display_name":"Educational robotics","level":4,"score":0.5445783734321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.5068021416664124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.46972692012786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42365920543670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41127872467041016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3679983913898468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17904826998710632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.178533673286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16984012722969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09106740355491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","pdf_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/download/33791/12221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15272795","display_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)","issn_l":"1863-0383","issn":["1863-0383","1868-8799"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313744","host_organization_name":"kassel university press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["kassel university press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7490cdd061f44287adf7db95dec28a83","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7490cdd061f44287adf7db95dec28a83","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), Vol 17, Iss 21 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i21.33791","pdf_url":"https://online-journals.org/index.php/i-jet/article/download/33791/12221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15272795","display_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)","issn_l":"1863-0383","issn":["1863-0383","1868-8799"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313744","host_organization_name":"kassel university press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["kassel university press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309209702.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4309209702.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2803096763","https://openalex.org/W2885851973","https://openalex.org/W2921721159","https://openalex.org/W2963151847","https://openalex.org/W2980566991","https://openalex.org/W3010858326","https://openalex.org/W3037928265","https://openalex.org/W3048361300","https://openalex.org/W3128717167","https://openalex.org/W3153612922","https://openalex.org/W3157326295","https://openalex.org/W3163442573","https://openalex.org/W3164868295","https://openalex.org/W3188290388","https://openalex.org/W3201534275","https://openalex.org/W4206190149","https://openalex.org/W4213019167","https://openalex.org/W4214726594","https://openalex.org/W4220728369","https://openalex.org/W4220958119","https://openalex.org/W4221099775","https://openalex.org/W4223632011","https://openalex.org/W4224255721","https://openalex.org/W4225925335","https://openalex.org/W4226040317","https://openalex.org/W4226399517","https://openalex.org/W4229363357","https://openalex.org/W4229457920","https://openalex.org/W4281747050","https://openalex.org/W4285061935","https://openalex.org/W4293065602"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548796344","https://openalex.org/W3184683492","https://openalex.org/W2972718276","https://openalex.org/W2083087460","https://openalex.org/W2047489303","https://openalex.org/W2142519047","https://openalex.org/W2600044631","https://openalex.org/W2487977855","https://openalex.org/W1212229009","https://openalex.org/W3200767610"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"remote":[1,88,151],"lab":[2,19],"is":[3],"a":[4,26,40],"technology":[5,96,99],"that":[6,142,149],"allows":[7],"participants":[8],"to":[9,18,50,60,132,169],"efficiently":[10],"conduct":[11],"experimental":[12],"teaching":[13,109],"where":[14],"users":[15],"can":[16,115],"connect":[17],"equipment":[20],"from":[21],"anywhere":[22],"without":[23],"being":[24],"in":[25,70,125],"specific":[27],"physical":[28],"location.":[29],"The":[30,139],"COVID-19":[31],"pandemic":[32],"affects":[33],"all":[34],"areas":[35],"of":[36,146,163],"human":[37],"activity.":[38],"\u200bAs":[39],"result,":[41],"students":[42,114,147],"did":[43],"not":[44],"receive":[45],"face-to-face":[46],"instruction,":[47],"and":[48,58,97,100,107,117,135,161,172],"access":[49,59],"the":[51,126,150,159,176],"laboratory":[52,61],"was":[53],"limited":[54,65],"or":[55,66],"practically":[56],"impossible,":[57],"facilities":[62],"has":[63],"been":[64],"nearly":[67],"impossible.":[68],"Especially":[69],"engineering":[71],"education,":[72],"students\u2019":[73],"practical":[74],"abilities":[75],"cannot":[76],"be":[77],"developed":[78],"comprehensively.":[79],"In":[80],"this":[81,83],"paper,":[82],"paper":[84],"built":[85],"an":[86],"online":[87],"robotics":[89,155],"experiment":[90],"system":[91],"using":[92],"digital":[93],"twin":[94],"(DT)":[95],"IoT":[98],"adopted":[101],"ADDIE":[102],"(Analysis,":[103],"Design,":[104],"Development,":[105],"Implementation,":[106],"Evaluation)":[108],"method.":[110],"With":[111],"these":[112],"measures,":[113],"design":[116],"debug":[118],"robot":[119],"programs":[120],"at":[121],"home,":[122],"just":[123],"like":[124],"laboratory.":[127],"This":[128],"study":[129],"sent":[130],"questionnaires":[131],"64":[133],"students,":[134],"58":[136],"were":[137],"returned.":[138],"results":[140],"show":[141],"more":[143],"than":[144],"80%":[145],"believe":[148],"labs":[152],"for":[153],"industrial":[154],"courses":[156],"have":[157],"improved":[158],"efficiency":[160],"quality":[162],"students'":[164],"skills":[165],"training":[166],"as":[167],"opposed":[168],"virtual":[170],"simulation":[171],"watching":[173],"videos":[174],"on":[175],"computer.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}