{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297584465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.11790","title":"Learning Program Semantics with Code Representations: An Empirical Study","display_name":"Learning Program Semantics with Code Representations: An Empirical Study","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297584465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.11790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.11790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11790","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.11790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.11790","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003704066","display_name":"Jing Kai Siow","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siow, Jing Kai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108820501","display_name":"Shangqing Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Shangqing","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084396416","display_name":"Xiaofei Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1288-6502"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xie, Xiaofei","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017417068","display_name":"Guozhu Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-2571"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng, Guozhu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu, Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.972000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8303418159484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5757887959480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.48330116271972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4722903370857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-graph","display_name":"Dependency graph","score":0.4465121626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.4327206313610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3731148838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3505987524986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.33625632524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.31915393471717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.09632700681686401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8303418159484863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5757887959480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.48330116271972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4722903370857239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16311509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4148050","display_name":"Dependency graph","level":3,"score":0.4465121626853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.4327206313610077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3731148838996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3505987524986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33625632524490356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31915393471717834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.09632700681686401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.11790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11790","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.11790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2203.11790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2203.11790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2203.11790","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11790","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2203.11790","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1958612786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-RP-2020-019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3427602082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NSOE003-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337217","funder_display_name":"National Satellite of Excellence in Trustworthy Software Systems, National University of Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4045071619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NCR005-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4382255046","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NSOE003-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G478423709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-RP-2020-019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4921399682","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NCR005-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5628048961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NSOE003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337217","funder_display_name":"National Satellite of Excellence in Trustworthy Software Systems, National University of Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G661783314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902395","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6828898563","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF2018NCR-NSOE003-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7822712350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI06-2020-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8983560273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-NRFI06-2020-0001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337217","display_name":"National Satellite of Excellence in Trustworthy Software Systems, National University of Singapore","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3043516402","https://openalex.org/W4231937131","https://openalex.org/W323219885","https://openalex.org/W2063928587","https://openalex.org/W1487966966","https://openalex.org/W1589342014","https://openalex.org/W1480341462","https://openalex.org/W3200266554","https://openalex.org/W4300962513","https://openalex.org/W4320341575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Program":[0],"semantics":[1,31,193,203],"learning":[2,183],"is":[3,58,152,179],"the":[4,29,120,138,141,155,165,175,184,191],"core":[5],"and":[6,35,46,94,99,106,116,131,172],"fundamental":[7],"for":[8,32],"various":[9,201],"code":[10,84,108],"intelligent":[11,109],"tasks":[12,34,57,110,189],"e.g.,":[13],"vulnerability":[14],"detection,":[15],"clone":[16],"detection.":[17],"A":[18],"considerable":[19],"amount":[20],"of":[21],"existing":[22],"works":[23,37],"propose":[24],"diverse":[25,56,105],"approaches":[26],"to":[27,73,136,154,182,194],"learn":[28],"program":[30,52,76,96,185,202],"different":[33,51,75,205],"these":[36,160],"have":[38],"achieved":[39],"state-of-the-art":[40],"performance.":[41,139],"However,":[42],"currently,":[43],"a":[44,133],"comprehensive":[45,134],"systematic":[47],"study":[48,72],"on":[49,103,119],"evaluating":[50],"representation":[53,77,85,97,151],"techniques":[54,86,158],"across":[55,159],"still":[59,214],"missed.":[60],"From":[61],"this":[62,66],"starting":[63],"point,":[64],"in":[65,170],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,80,145],"conduct":[69,132],"an":[70],"empirical":[71],"evaluate":[74,100],"techniques.":[78],"Specifically,":[79],"categorize":[81],"current":[82],"mainstream":[83],"into":[87],"four":[88],"categories":[89],"i.e.,":[90,111],"Feature-based,":[91],"Sequence-based,":[92],"Tree-based,":[93],"Graph-based":[95],"technique":[98],"its":[101],"performance":[102],"three":[104,127],"popular":[107],"{Code":[112],"Classification},":[113],"Vulnerability":[114],"Detection,":[115],"Clone":[117],"Detection":[118],"public":[121],"released":[122],"benchmark.":[123],"We":[124],"further":[125],"design":[126],"{research":[128],"questions":[129],"(RQs)}":[130],"analysis":[135],"investigate":[137],"By":[140],"extensive":[142],"experimental":[143],"results,":[144],"conclude":[146],"that":[147],"(1)":[148],"The":[149],"graph-based":[150,173],"superior":[153],"other":[156],"selected":[157],"tasks.":[161],"(2)":[162],"Compared":[163],"with":[164],"node":[166,176],"type":[167],"information":[168,178],"used":[169],"tree-based":[171],"representations,":[174],"textual":[177],"more":[180],"critical":[181],"semantics.":[186],"(3)":[187],"Different":[188],"require":[190],"task-specific":[192],"achieve":[195],"their":[196],"highest":[197],"performance,":[198],"however":[199],"combining":[200],"from":[204],"dimensions":[206],"such":[207],"as":[208],"control":[209],"dependency,":[210],"data":[211],"dependency":[212],"can":[213],"produce":[215],"promising":[216],"results.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
