{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284710034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.01733","title":"Are metrics measuring what they should? An evaluation of image captioning task metrics","display_name":"Are metrics measuring what they should? An evaluation of image captioning task metrics","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284710034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.01733"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.01733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.01733","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.01733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.01733","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022472814","display_name":"Oth\u00f3n Gonz\u00e1lez-Ch\u00e1vez","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ch\u00e1vez, Oth\u00f3n","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006891411","display_name":"Guillermo Ru\u00edz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8170-2191"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiz, Guillermo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032310572","display_name":"Daniela Moctezuma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3038-4642"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moctezuma, Daniela","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052729698","display_name":"Tania A. Ram\u00edrez-delReal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1638-5086"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramirez-delReal, Tania A.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9391000270843506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-captioning","display_name":"Closed captioning","score":0.9797425270080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8114773035049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.733105480670929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.7028799057006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6905812621116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5687414407730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5597918629646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.53546541929245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.4485064744949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.44552600383758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.35650354623794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3432946503162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.2741488516330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07339939475059509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157657479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2367247","display_name":"Closed captioning","level":3,"score":0.9797425270080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8114773035049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.733105480670929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7028799057006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6905812621116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5687414407730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5597918629646301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.53546541929245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.4485064744949341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.44552600383758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35650354623794556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3432946503162384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2741488516330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07339939475059509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.01733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.01733","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.01733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2207.01733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2207.01733","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2207.01733","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2207.01733","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.01733","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6958583472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A1-S-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","funder_display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8088542350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"A1-S-34811","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","funder_display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321739","display_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/059ex5q34"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284710034.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284710034.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210416330","https://openalex.org/W2775506363","https://openalex.org/W3164229987","https://openalex.org/W3215212336","https://openalex.org/W4290852288","https://openalex.org/W4298897568","https://openalex.org/W3217388757","https://openalex.org/W3122720459","https://openalex.org/W1938708284","https://openalex.org/W4380190185"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image":[0,37,117,188],"Captioning":[1,118,189],"is":[2],"a":[3,56,121,172,183],"current":[4,99,202],"research":[5,27],"task":[6],"to":[7,74,82,90,196,205,214],"describe":[8,83],"the":[9,13,19,45,76,79,84,96,126,136,198,201,219],"image":[10],"content":[11,85],"using":[12,125],"objects":[14],"and":[15,32,78,100,120,155,163,181],"their":[16],"relationships":[17],"in":[18,40,86,106,139],"scene.":[20],"To":[21],"tackle":[22],"this":[23,107],"task,":[24,44],"two":[25,169],"important":[26],"areas":[28],"converge,":[29],"artificial":[30],"vision,":[31],"natural":[33],"language":[34],"processing.":[35],"In":[36,59],"Captioning,":[38],"as":[39,148,161],"any":[41],"computational":[42],"intelligence":[43],"performance":[46],"metrics":[47,68,103,119,132,203,212,220],"are":[48,72,104,143,218],"crucial":[49],"for":[50],"knowing":[51],"how":[52,92],"well":[53,93],"(or":[54],"bad)":[55],"method":[57],"performs.":[58],"recent":[60,102],"years,":[61],"it":[62],"has":[63],"been":[64],"observed":[65],"that":[66],"classical":[67],"based":[69,145,157],"on":[70,146,158],"n-grams":[71],"insufficient":[73],"capture":[75],"semantics":[77],"critical":[80],"meaning":[81],"an":[87,111],"image.":[88],"Looking":[89],"measure":[91],"or":[94],"not":[95],"set":[97,173],"of":[98,113,116,174,185],"more":[101],"doing,":[105],"article,":[108],"we":[109,167],"present":[110],"evaluation":[112],"several":[114,179],"kinds":[115],"comparison":[122,184],"between":[123],"them":[124],"well-known":[127],"MS":[128],"COCO":[129],"dataset.":[130],"The":[131],"were":[133,193],"selected":[134],"from":[135],"most":[137],"used":[138],"prior":[140],"works,":[141],"they":[142],"those":[144,156],"$n$-grams":[147],"BLEU,":[149],"SacreBLEU,":[150],"METEOR,":[151],"ROGUE-L,":[152],"CIDEr,":[153],"SPICE,":[154],"embeddings,":[159],"such":[160],"BERTScore":[162],"CLIPScore.":[164],"For":[165],"this,":[166],"designed":[168],"scenarios;":[170],"1)":[171],"artificially":[175],"build":[176],"captions":[177],"with":[178],"qualities,":[180],"2)":[182],"some":[186],"state-of-the-art":[187],"methods.":[190],"Interesting":[191],"findings":[192],"found":[194],"trying":[195],"answer":[197],"questions:":[199],"Are":[200],"helping":[204],"produce":[206],"high-quality":[207],"captions?":[208],"How":[209],"do":[210],"actual":[211],"compare":[213],"each":[215],"other?":[216],"What":[217],"really":[221],"measuring?":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}